WAEC GCE 2024 GEOGRAPHY
PRACTICAL ANSWER

(1a)


(1b)



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(4a)
Weathering is the process by which rocks and minerals on the Earth's surface are broken down into smaller particles through physical, chemical, or biological means without any movement or transportation of the material.

(4b)
Exfoliation is a physical weathering process in which layers or sheets of rock peel away from the surface due to pressure release or thermal expansion. This often occurs in regions with significant temperature fluctuations. During the day, rocks expand due to heat, and at night, they contract due to cooling. Over time, this repeated cycle causes the outer layers to weaken and break away, resembling the peeling of an onion

(4c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Climate change
(ii) Rock Type and Composition
(iii) Slope and Topography
(iv) Presence of Vegetation
(v) Time factor

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(5a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Erosion
(ii) Suspension
(iii) Saltation
(iv) Traction
(v) Deposition
(vi) Channel migration

(5b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) The river develops a sinuous, winding course with meanders and oxbow lakes.
(ii) The river may split into multiple, braided channels, especially in areas with high sediment loads.
(iii) The river's gradient is steeper than in the lower course, allowing for faster flow and more erosion
(iv) The river's channel becomes wider and deeper as it erodes its banks and bed.
(v) The river receives water and sediment from various tributaries, influencing its flow and morphology.
(vi) The river's meandering and erosion create a wide, flat alluvial floodplain on either side of the channel.

(5c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) River capture often leads to the deposition of alluvial soils in valleys, making the land fertile and suitable for agriculture.
(ii) It can result in the development of new river systems and drainage patterns, influencing the flow of water in a region.
(iii) River capture can lead to the development of new habitats and biodiversity in the areas where water flow is redirected.
(iv) The increased flow and gradient of the captured river may create new opportunities for hydroelectric power generation.
(v) River capture can enhance the movement of sediments from one region to another, which may contribute to the creation of landforms such as deltas and floodplains.
(vi) It can influence the location and growth of human settlements by altering water availability and access to natural resources, such as fish and fertile land.

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(6a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Rain
(ii) Snow
(iii) Sleet
(iv) Hail
(v) Drizzle
(vi) Freezing rain

(6b)
=CHARACTERISTICS=
(i) Common in tropical regions and during summer in temperate zones.
(ii) Occurs in the afternoon when the sun's heat is strongest.
(iii) Often associated with towering cumulonimbus clouds.
(iv) Accompanied by thunderstorms, lightning, and strong winds.

=MODE OF FORMATION=
(i) The sun heats the Earth's surface, causing the air near the ground to warm up.
(ii) Warm air becomes lighter and rises rapidly into the atmosphere.
(iii) As it rises, the air expands and cools due to decreasing pressure.
(iv) Cooling causes the air to reach its dew point, leading to condensation of water vapor into tiny droplets.
(v) These droplets combine to form clouds, and continued rising leads to the formation of cumulonimbus clouds.
(vi) When the droplets in the clouds become heavy enough, they fall to the ground as precipitation, often as heavy rainfall.

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(7a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Sandstone
(ii) Shale
(iii) Conglomerate
(iv) Breccia
(v) Siltstone
(vi) Mudstone
(vii) Claystone
(viii) Loess

(7b)
Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are created from the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of sediments that are transported by physical processes such as wind, water, ice, or gravity. These sediments originate from the weathering and erosion of pre-existing rocks and are deposited in layers in environments like rivers, lakes, deserts, and oceans.

(7c)
(PICK ANY THREE)

(i)Rocks like granite and limestone are used in building and construction.
(ii)Minerals in rocks are used in industries for manufacturing products like cement and glass.
(iii)Weathered rocks provide the basis for soil development.
(iv)Rocks are used in monuments, sculptures, and jewelry.
(v)Rocks contain fossil fuels like coal and oil that is good energy resources for mankind


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(8a)
Environmental conservation is the practice of protecting, managing, and restoring the natural environment to ensure its sustainability and prevent the depletion of natural resources for future generations.

(8b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Climate Change
(ii) Deforestation
(iii) Overgrazing
(iv) Overuse of Water Resources
(v) Natural Variability

(8c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Burning Fossil Fuels:
The combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas for energy releases large amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane , contributing to global warming

(ii) Deforestation:
Cutting down forests reduces the number of trees available to absorb carbon dioxide. through photosynthesis. This increases carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, contributing to the greenhouse effect and climate change.

(iii) Agricultural Activities:
Livestock farming produces methane from enteric fermentation in animals, while the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers releases nitrous oxide , a potent greenhouse gas.

(iv) Industrial Emissions:
Factories release various pollutants, including carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds . These substances contribute to ozone depletion, acid rain, and the formation of smog.

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WAEC GCE 2024 GEOGRAPHY
THEORY AND OBJ ANSWER

GEOGRAPHY OBJ
1-10: AABCABDDBC
11-20: CDABCCBBBC
21-30: AACBCAAAAC
31-40: DCDABBDCDB
41-50: BCCDCADBDB


(1a)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Cost-Effective Transportation: Water transportation is relatively cheaper compared to road and air transport, making it an affordable option for moving goods and people across Tropical African countries.
(ii) Facilitation of Trade: Rivers, lakes, and coastal routes provide a means to transport goods, enhancing local and international trade activities.
(iii) Reduction of Road Congestion: By diverting goods and passenger traffic to waterways, water transportation reduces pressure on road infrastructure, leading to less congestion and wear.
(iv) Tourism Development: Waterways are used for recreational and tourism activities, contributing to revenue generation in the tourism sector.
(v) Employment Opportunities: The operation and maintenance of water transportation systems create jobs in areas such as shipping, logistics, and dockyard services.
(vi) Access to Remote Areas: Waterways often reach locations that are inaccessible by road or rail, promoting economic integration and development in remote regions.
(vii) Energy Efficiency: Transporting goods via water is more energy-efficient compared to land and air transport, reducing fuel costs and contributing to environmental sustainability.
(viii) Boost to Fishing Industry: Waterways support fishing activities, which provide food, jobs, and raw materials for export, strengthening the local economy.

(1b)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) Poor Infrastructure: Inadequate development of ports, harbors, and navigational facilities limits the efficiency of water transportation systems.
(ii) Silting and Sedimentation: Rivers and waterways often experience silting, reducing their depth and making navigation difficult for larger vessels.
(iii) Seasonal Variability: Many rivers and lakes in Tropical Africa have fluctuating water levels due to seasonal rainfall patterns, which disrupt consistent transportation.
(iv) Inadequate Maintenance: Lack of regular dredging, repairs, and upgrades to water transportation infrastructure hampers smooth operations.
(v) Limited Investment: Insufficient funding for modern vessels, port development, and other water transport facilities affects the sector's growth.
(vi) Insecurity and Piracy: Some waterways face risks from piracy, banditry, and theft, discouraging use by transporters and traders.
(vii) Pollution: Waterways are often polluted with industrial waste, oil spills, and domestic garbage, making them unsafe for transportation and harming aquatic ecosystems.
(viii) Obstruction by Aquatic Weeds: Invasive species like water hyacinth clog waterways, hindering navigation and increasing the cost of maintaining navigable routes.

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(2a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Light industries produce consumer goods such as clothing and electronics, while heavy industries produce capital goods like machinery and steel.
(ii) Light industries typically require less capital investment, while heavy industries involve significant capital investment.
(iii) Light industries are generally labor-intensive, while heavy industries are more capital- and machinery-intensive.
(iv) Light industries have a smaller environmental impact, while heavy industries often have a greater environmental impact due to their large-scale operations.
(v) Light industries often occupy smaller facilities, while heavy industries require large-scale factories or plants.
(vi) Light industries are located closer to consumer markets, while heavy industries are typically located near raw material sources.
(vii) Light industries manufacture products with lower energy requirements, while heavy industries consume vast amounts of energy during production.
(viii) Light industries focus on producing finished goods, while heavy industries are more focused on raw material processing and intermediate goods production.

(2b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Limited Capital: Many countries in Tropical Africa face a lack of financial resources to invest in the establishment and expansion of large-scale manufacturing industries.
(ii) Inadequate Infrastructure: Poor transportation networks, unreliable power supply, and insufficient water resources hinder industrial development.
(iii) Political Instability: Frequent political unrest and instability deter foreign investors and disrupt industrial activities.
(iv) Lack of Skilled Labor: The scarcity of technically trained and skilled workers limits the capacity to operate and sustain large-scale industries.
(v) Dependence on Primary Products: Most economies in Tropical Africa rely heavily on the export of raw materials rather than processing them locally, reducing incentives for industrialization.
(vi) Small Market Size: Low purchasing power and a relatively small middle class restrict the domestic market for industrial products.
(vii) Technological Constraints: Limited access to advanced technology hampers the efficiency and competitiveness of manufacturing industries.
(viii) Environmental Challenges: Harsh climatic conditions, frequent droughts, and other environmental issues increase the cost and complexity of industrial operations.

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(3a)
Site of a settlement refers to the physical location or land on which the settlement is built. It includes the topography, geology, soil, and other physical characteristics of the land that influence the establishment and development of the settlement.
On the other hand, Situation of a settlement refers to the location of the settlement in relation to its surrounding environment and other settlements. It considers the relative position of the settlement concerning transportation routes, natural resources, markets, and other socio-economic factors that influence the settlement's growth and development.

(3b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Rapid population growth: Urban areas in developing countries often experience high rates of population growth, primarily due to rural-urban migration.
(ii) Unplanned and informal development: Many urban settlements in developing countries have extensive informal settlements, characterized by the lack of proper planning, infrastructure, and basic services.
(iii) Inadequate infrastructure and services: Urban areas often struggle to provide sufficient infrastructure, such as water supply, sanitation, transportation, and electricity, to meet the growing demands of the population.
(iv) High levels of poverty and inequality: Urban settlements in developing countries often have significant disparities in income and access to resources, leading to the emergence of slums and informal settlements.
(v) Lack of employment opportunities: The rapid urbanization often outpaces the creation of formal job opportunities, leading to high levels of unemployment and underemployment.
(vi) Environmental degradation: Urban areas in developing countries frequently face environmental challenges, such as air pollution, water contamination, and improper waste management.
(vii) Weak urban governance and management: Many urban settlements in developing countries have limited resources and capacity for effective urban planning, management, and service delivery.

(3c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Market for agricultural products: Urban areas provide a significant market for the agricultural products and other goods produced in rural settlements, supporting the rural economy.
(ii) Employment opportunities: Urban settlements offer employment opportunities for rural residents, leading to increased income and economic diversification.
(iii) Access to services and infrastructure: The concentration of services, such as healthcare, education, and transportation, in urban areas can benefit rural residents who can access these facilities.
(iv) Knowledge and technology transfer: Urban centers often serve as hubs for the dissemination of new agricultural technologies, farming techniques, and market information, which can improve productivity in rural areas.
(v) Remittances and investments: Urban residents, including those from rural origins, may send back remittances or invest in rural development projects, contributing to the overall economic well-being of rural settlements.
(vi) Cultural exchange and social interaction: The interaction between urban and rural settlements can facilitate the exchange of cultural practices, ideas, and social connections, leading to mutual understanding and development.

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(4a)


(4b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Vegetation Zones: Rainfall determines the distribution of vegetation zones, such as mangroves, rainforests, and savannas. Areas with high rainfall, like the south, support dense rainforests, while lower rainfall regions, such as the north, are covered by savannas.

(ii) Plant Density: High rainfall promotes lush vegetation with high plant density, whereas low rainfall results in sparse vegetation and grasslands.

(iii) Plant Types: Rainfall influences the types of plants that can thrive. For example, tropical hardwood trees dominate areas with high rainfall, while drought-resistant grasses and shrubs thrive in arid regions.

(iv) Soil Moisture: Rainfall affects soil moisture levels, which in turn influences the growth and survival of plants in various regions.

(v) Seasonal Variations: The pattern and seasonality of rainfall affect vegetation growth cycles. For instance, savanna vegetation is characterized by growth during the wet season and dormancy in the dry season.

(vi) Biodiversity: Regions with abundant rainfall, such as the Niger Delta, have higher biodiversity compared to drier areas with limited species diversity.

(4c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Location: The Guinea Savanna lies in the middle belt of Nigeria, between the rainforest to the south and the Sudan Savanna to the north.

(ii) Vegetation Composition: It features a mix of grasses, shrubs, and scattered trees such as locust bean, baobab, and shea butter trees.

(iii) Grass Height: The grasses in this zone are tall, typically reaching heights of 1.5 to 3 meters during the rainy season.

(iv) Tree Density: Trees are widely spaced, reflecting moderate rainfall that supports both grasses and woody plants.

(v) Fire Resistance: Many plant species in the Guinea Savanna are adapted to withstand seasonal bushfires, with thick bark or underground storage organs.

(vi) Climate Adaptation: The vegetation thrives in a climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, typically receiving annual rainfall of 1000-1500 mm.

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(5a)
Agriculture is the practice of cultivating plants and livestock for food, fiber, and other products. It involves the systematic management of natural resources, such as soil, water, and land, to produce agricultural commodities efficiently and sustainably.

(5b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Inadequate infrastructure: Poor transportation networks, storage facilities, and irrigation systems hinder the production and distribution of agricultural products.
(ii) Limited access to financing: Small-scale farmers often lack access to credit, loans, and investment opportunities that could improve their productivity.
(iii) Pest and disease outbreaks: Crop and livestock diseases, as well as pest infestations, can significantly reduce agricultural yields and productivity.
(iv) Climate variability and change: Unpredictable weather patterns, erratic rainfall, and more frequent droughts and floods can disrupt agricultural production.
(v) Land degradation and soil fertility decline: Unsustainable farming practices, overgrazing, and deforestation have led to soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and reduced soil fertility.
(vi) Inefficient farming practices: Many small-scale farmers use traditional and often inefficient farming methods, limiting their productivity and output.
(vii) Limited access to technology and inputs: Lack of access to improved seeds, fertilizers, machinery, and other agricultural technologies hinders the modernization of the sector.

(5c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Food production: Agriculture is the primary source of food for the Nigerian population, ensuring food security and reducing dependence on food imports.
(ii) Employment generation: The agricultural sector employs a significant portion of the Nigerian workforce, providing livelihoods for millions of people.
(iii) Contribution to GDP: Agriculture is a major contributor to Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), accounting for a substantial share of the country's economic output.
(iv) Provision of raw materials: Agriculture supplies raw materials for industries, such as food processing, textiles, and biofuel production, supporting the growth of the manufacturing sector.
(v) Export earnings: Nigeria exports various agricultural commodities, such as cocoa, cashew nuts, and rubber, generating foreign exchange earnings.
(vi) Poverty alleviation: Improved agricultural productivity and incomes can help reduce poverty, particularly in rural areas where a large portion of the population is engaged in agriculture.

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(6a)


(6b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Revenue Generation: Mining contributes significantly to Nigeria's GDP through royalties, taxes, and export earnings from minerals like limestone, coal, and lead.

(ii) Job Creation: The mining industry provides direct employment opportunities to thousands of workers and indirect jobs in associated sectors such as logistics and equipment manufacturing.

(iii) Industrial Growth: Mining supplies raw materials to industries, such as cement production (limestone), steel manufacturing (iron ore), and construction (granite and marble).

(iv) Foreign Exchange Earnings: The export of minerals such as tin, columbite, and gold generates foreign exchange, enhancing the country's financial reserves.

(v) Infrastructure Development: Mining activities often lead to the development of roads, power supply, and communication networks in mining regions, benefiting local communities.

(vi) Economic Diversification: Mining helps reduce Nigeria’s overdependence on crude oil by broadening the country's economic base and creating alternative sources of income.

(6c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Lack of Adequate Technology: Mining certain minerals requires advanced technology, which is often unavailable in Nigeria, leading to underutilization of deposits.

(ii) High Exploration and Extraction Costs: The financial cost of mining, including exploration, equipment, and environmental management, can be prohibitive.

(iii) Inadequate Infrastructure: Poor infrastructure, such as roads and power supply, makes it difficult to access and develop some mineral-rich regions.

(iv) Security Challenges: Insurgency, banditry, and conflicts in mineral-rich areas discourage mining operations due to safety concerns.

(v) Environmental Concerns and Regulations: Mining activities can cause environmental degradation. Strict regulations or resistance from local communities may limit mining of certain deposits.