WAEC GCE 2025 CIVIC EDUCATION ANSWER



(1a)
(i)Self-control
(ii)Punctuality
(iii)Respect for rules and authority

(1b)
(i)Promotes peace, order, and stability: Discipline within a society ensures adherence to rules and regulations, which creates an environment of law and order. This order is crucial for political stability and social harmony, which are essential for any form of national development.
(ii)Fosters economic development and prosperity: A disciplined workforce and regulatory system contribute to increased productivity, efficiency, and skill accumulation. A disciplined society also attracts foreign investment by creating a predictable and reliable environment for business, which in turn creates jobs and national wealth.
(iii)Enhances good governance and reduces corruption: Societal discipline in public service encourages integrity, accountability, and the consistent enforcement of rules and laws. This helps to combat corruption, as citizens and leaders are more likely to act with responsibility and in the best interest of the nation, rather than engaging in fraudulent practices.
(iv)Builds strong institutions and social cohesion: Discipline strengthens national institutions by promoting a culture of accountability and respect for authority. It also fosters social cohesion and trust among citizens, allowing for greater cooperation in large-scale national endeavors and collective problem-solving.

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(2)
(i) Presumption of Innocence: The accused person is considered innocent until proven guilty by a competent court. This protects the accused from unfair punishment or bias before the case is properly decided.
(ii) Right to Legal Representation: The accused has the right to be defended by a lawyer of their choice. Legal representation helps the accused understand the law, present a proper defence, and protect their legal rights.
(iii) Right to a Fair and Public Hearing: The trial must be conducted openly and fairly in a court of law. This ensures transparency and prevents secret or biased judgments.
(iv) Right to Be Informed of the Charge: The accused must be clearly informed of the offence charged against them in a language they understand. This allows adequate preparation of a defence.
(v) Right to Call and Cross-Examine Witnesses: The accused can call witnesses in their defence and question (cross-examine) prosecution witnesses. This helps to challenge evidence and establish the truth.

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(4)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Improved public health: When youths abstain from illicit substances, cases of drug-related illnesses, mental disorders, and premature deaths are reduced, leading to a healthier population.

(ii) Increased productivity: Drug-free youths are more focused, energetic, and committed to work or education, which improves labour productivity and national economic output.

(iii) Reduced crime rate: Abstinence from illicit substances lowers involvement in crimes such as theft, violence, and drug trafficking, promoting peace and security in the nation.

(iv) Lower healthcare expenditure: Fewer drug-related health problems reduce government spending on treatment, rehabilitation, and emergency services, allowing funds to be redirected to development projects.

(v) Better educational outcomes: Youths who avoid illicit drugs perform better academically, have lower dropout rates, and develop useful skills needed for national development.

(vi) Stronger family and social stability: Drug-free youths maintain healthier relationships with family and society, reducing cases of domestic conflict, neglect, and social disintegration.

(vii) Positive national image and development: A nation with responsible, drug-free youths gains a good reputation, attracts investment, and builds a strong human resource base for sustainable development.

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(6)
(i)Trust Issues: Enduring exploitation by others can make it extremely difficult for her to trust new people or systems, essential for forming social bonds and participating in community life.
(ii)Psychological Trauma: Trauma like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression can lead to withdrawal, making social interaction overwhelming and hindering the building of relationships.
(iii)Stigma and Shame: Victims may feel shame or face social stigma, leading them to isolate themselves to avoid judgment, thus preventing them from engaging in community activities.
(iv)Lack of Education/Skills: Being trafficked into servitude likely deprived her of formal education and social skills development, making it harder to find stable employment and participate as a productive member of society.
(v)Fear of Authority: Experiences with exploitation and potentially corrupt systems can cause a deep fear or distrust of authority figures (police, government officials), hindering access to support systems designed to aid integration.

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(7a)
(i)The constitution is the supreme law of the land, and the rule of law requires this supremacy. The constitution provides the fundamental principles and framework for a government, and the rule of law ensures that all other laws and practices conform to this supreme document.
(ii)The constitution establishes institutions that uphold the rule of law. It outlines the separation of powers between the legislature, executive, and judiciary, and guarantees an independent judiciary to interpret the law and protect citizens' rights, which is a core component of the rule of law.

(7b)
(i)Increase in arbitrary power and abuse of authority. Without the rule of law, government officials and powerful individuals can act on personal whims rather than established legal principles, leading to the abuse of power.
(ii)Violations of human rights and increased crime. The absence of a fair, consistent, and enforced legal system results in a lack of safety, the potential for gross human rights violations (such as extrajudicial killings or unfair detentions), and a rise in general crime as people feel less constrained by laws that are not applied equally.
(iii)Political and economic instability, potentially leading to anarchy. A society without the rule of law experiences a breakdown in social trust and order, which discourages investment, undermines essential services, and can ultimately lead to a failed state or a state of chaos.

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(8)
(i)Developing a Platform: Political parties create a platform that outlines their core beliefs, values, and policy positions on important issues. This platform serves as a guide for the party's candidates and helps voters understand what the party stands for.
(ii)Candidate Recruitment and Nomination: Parties actively seek out individuals to run for office who align with their values and have the potential to win elections. They then go through a formal process, such as primaries or caucuses, to nominate their official candidates.
(iii)Campaigning and Mobilization: Parties organize and execute campaigns to promote their candidates and platform. This includes activities like holding rallies, running advertisements, engaging in door-to-door canvassing, and using social media to reach voters. They also work to mobilize their supporters to register and turn out to vote.
(iv)Fundraising: Political campaigns require significant financial resources. Parties engage in fundraising activities to collect donations from individuals, organizations, and political action committees (PACs). These funds are used to pay for campaign staff, advertising, travel, and other essential expenses.
(v)Voter Outreach and Persuasion:Parties conduct voter outreach programs to identify potential supporters and persuade undecided voters to support their candidates. This involves activities like phone banking, direct mail, and targeted advertising. They often use data analytics to identify and target specific groups of voters with tailored messages.

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(9a)
Public servants are individuals employed by the government or state to provide services to the general public. They work in various capacities within the public sector, such as healthcare, education, law enforcement, and administration.

(9b)
(i)To ensure appointments are based on merit and professionalism: A primary goal is to select candidates based solely on their qualifications, skills, and experience, ensuring that political influence or other biases do not compromise the quality of personnel.
(ii)To provide a sufficient pool of qualified candidates: The recruitment process aims to attract a large and diverse group of suitable applicants for job vacancies, from which the most appropriate individuals can be selected.
(iii)To improve organizational effectiveness and performance: By hiring the right people for the right jobs, the public service seeks to enhance overall productivity, efficiency, and the quality of services delivered to the public.
(iv)To reduce employee turnover and increase retention: Selecting candidates who are a good fit for the role and the public service culture increases job satisfaction and reduces the likelihood of them leaving shortly after being hired, thus saving on recruitment and training costs.
(v)To meet legal and social obligations: Public sector recruitment must adhere to established laws, rules (such as the Federal Character Principle in Nigeria, which ensures fair representation), and ethical standards to ensure fairness, transparency, and prevent discrimination in the hiring process.
(vi)To facilitate succession planning and future talent needs: Recruitment activities help identify and prepare potential job applicants who can fill critical positions in the future, ensuring a continuous supply of skilled manpower for long-term organizational stability and growth.