NECO 2023 - GOVERNMENT ANSWER


GOVERNMENT OBJ
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11-20: BCEABBEEAB
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51-60: EEAEACBBED

(1a)
A state can be defined as a politically organized body of people living within a defined territory, with a recognized government that has the authority to make and enforce laws, maintain order, provide public services, and represent the interests of its citizens both domestically and internationally.

(1b)
(i) Population: A state consists of a group of people who live within its territorial boundaries. The size and composition of the population can vary significantly among states, but it is a fundamental attribute of any state.

(ii) Territory: A state has a defined geographical area or territory over which it exercises sovereign control. This territory is demarcated by borders, which may be natural features (such as rivers or mountains) or artificially established boundaries.

(iii) Sovereignty: Sovereignty refers to the exclusive authority and power of a state to govern its territory and make decisions without interference from external actors. It implies that a state is politically independent and can determine its own laws, policies, and actions.

(iv) Government: A state has a recognized political system or government that is responsible for the administration of public affairs and the exercise of power. The government may be structured in various ways, such as a democracy, monarchy, or dictatorship, and it typically consists of institutions, officials, and processes for decision-making and governance.

(v) Legitimacy: Legitimacy refers to the acceptance and recognition of the state's authority by its population and the international community. A state's legitimacy may be derived from factors such as the consent of the governed, adherence to the rule of law, respect for human rights, and international recognition.

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(2)
*(PICK ANY SIX)*

(i) Voter Appeal and Ideology: The extent to which a political party's ideology, values, and policy proposals resonate with voters plays a crucial role in electoral success.Parties that can effectively communicate their platform and address voter concerns

(ii) Leadership and Candidate Selection: The leadership qualities, charisma, and credibility of a party's leaders can significantly impact electoral success. A strong and popular leader can inspire trust, attract voters, and rally support for the party.

(iii) Party Organization and Structure: A well-organized and disciplined party with a strong grassroots presence and effective party machinery can mobilize supporters, engage in strategic campaigning, and efficiently manage election-related activities.

(iv) Party Organization and Structure: A well-organized and disciplined party with a strong grassroots presence and effective party machinery can mobilize supporters, engage in strategic campaigning, and efficiently manage election-related activities.

(v) Campaign Strategy and Communication: A well-planned and targeted campaign strategy, including effective messaging, communication channels, and campaign tactics, can greatly influence electoral outcomes.

(vi) Economic and Socio-Political Context: The prevailing economic conditions, social issues, and political climate in a country or region can impact the electoral success of a political party.

(vii) Voter Engagement and Turnout: Ultimately, electoral success depends on voter engagement and turnout. Parties that can effectively mobilize their supporters, engage in voter education and persuasion, and encourage voter participation have a greater likelihood of success.

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(4)
(PICK ANY FIVE)

(i)Clear Guidelines and Policies: Develop and communicate clear guidelines and policies that explicitly outline the expectations for non-partisanship among civil servants.These guidelines should emphasize the importance of political neutrality and provide specific examples.

(ii)Political Activity Restrictions: Implement regulations that restrict civil servants from engaging in partisan political activities while on duty or in their official capacity. This can include limitations on participating in political campaigns, endorsing candidates, or engaging in activities that may compromise their impartiality.

(iii)Recruitment and Promotion Based on Merit: Establish transparent and merit-based systems for the recruitment, selection, and promotion of civil servants. Emphasize qualifications, skills, and experience as the primary criteria for hiring and advancement, rather than political connections or affiliations.

(iv)Training and Education: Provide regular training and education programs that focus on non-partisanship and ethical conduct for civil servants. These programs should emphasize the importance of maintaining impartiality in decision-making, avoiding conflicts of interest, and upholding the principles of public service.

(v)Independent Oversight and Accountability: Establish independent oversight mechanisms to monitor and investigate allegations of partisan behavior or misconduct among civil servants. These mechanisms should have the authority to receive and investigate complaints, protect whistleblowers, and take appropriate disciplinary actions when necessary.

(vi)Promote a Culture of Non-Partisanship: Foster a culture within the civil service that values and promotes non-partisanship. This can be achieved through leadership commitment, communication campaigns, and recognition of civil servants who demonstrate a commitment to impartiality.

(vii) Transparent Performance Evaluation: Implement a fair and transparent performance evaluation system that assesses civil servants based on their competence, professionalism, and adherence to non-partisan principles.Provide regular feedback and recognition for exemplary performance.

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(8)
(PICK ANY SIX)

(i) Historical Ties: Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations can be justified based on historical ties. The Commonwealth provides a platform for maintaining connections and cooperation with other countries that were also once part of the British Empire.

(ii) Shared Values: Nigeria's membership in the Commonwealth is based on shared values such as democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and good governance. The Commonwealth serves as a forum where member countries can collaborate on upholding and promoting these values.

(iii) Economic Cooperation: Nigeria benefits from economic cooperation within the Commonwealth. Membership provides opportunities for trade, investment, and economic partnerships with other member countries.

(iv) Development Assistance: Nigeria can access development assistance and support from the Commonwealth and its member countries. This assistance can be in the form of financial aid, technical expertise, and capacity-building programs .

(v) Cultural Exchange: The Commonwealth offers a platform for cultural exchange and cooperation among member countries. Nigeria's membership allows for the sharing of cultural experiences, traditions, and knowledge with other nations

(vi) Diplomatic Relations: Membership in the Commonwealth enhances Nigeria's diplomatic relations and global standing. It provides opportunities for engagement in multilateral diplomacy, participation in Commonwealth summits, and networking

(vii) Collaboration on Global Issues: Nigeria can collaborate with other Commonwealth members on global issues such as climate change, security, peacekeeping, and health. The Commonwealth can serve as a platform for joint efforts, sharing best practices, and addressing common challenges.

(viii) Youth Empowerment and Education: The Commonwealth offers programs and initiatives focused on youth empowerment, education, and leadership development. Nigeria's membership provides opportunities for Nigerian youth to engage in exchange programs, educational scholarships etc

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(9a)
Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided and shared between a central authority and constituent units, such as states or provinces. It is a political arrangement that allows for the coexistence of a central government that governs the entire nation or federation as a whole, and regional or local governments that have some degree of autonomy and authority over their respective territories.

(9b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Decentralization of power: State creation allows for the decentralization of power from the central government to regional units. This helps in addressing the diverse needs, aspirations, and interests of different regions within the federation, ensuring a more equitable distribution of resources and political representation.

(ii) Efficient governance: By creating smaller states within a federation, it becomes easier to administer and govern specific regions. This can lead to more effective and efficient delivery of public services, as governments can focus on addressing local issues and tailoring policies to the specific needs of the region.

(iii) Regional development: State creation can promote regional development by enabling local governments to have greater control over their resources and economic policies. This allows for targeted development initiatives and the utilization of region-specific advantages, fostering economic growth and reducing regional disparities.

(iv) Cultural and linguistic preservation: In diverse federations, state creation can be a means to protect and preserve the unique cultural, linguistic, and ethnic identities of different regions. By granting them autonomy and self-governance, the federation ensures that diverse cultural expressions and languages are safeguarded.

(v) Political representation: State creation often leads to increased political representation at both the regional and national levels. New states allow for the formation of additional legislative seats, ensuring a more inclusive political system where diverse voices and interests can be heard and represented.

(vi) Efficient resource management: State creation in a federation allows for better management of natural resources. Different regions within a federation may have varying endowments of resources such as minerals, agricultural land, or energy sources. By creating states, the local governments can have more control over these resources, leading to more efficient utilization and management for the benefit of the region and the overall federation.

(vii) Conflict resolution: State creation can serve as a means of resolving conflicts or addressing grievances between different regions within a federation. In cases where there are significant political, ethnic, or socio-economic tensions, creating separate states or autonomous regions can provide a platform for addressing those grievances and promoting peace and stability. By giving regions more control over their own affairs, it can help alleviate feelings of marginalization or underrepresentation, fostering a sense of unity and cooperation within the federation.

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(10)
(PICK ANY FIVE)

(i) Emir/Sarkin: The Emir or Sarkin, as the highest-ranking executive officer, had several duties. They maintained law and order, ensured the administration of justice, and protected the interests of the community.

(ii) District Heads/Wakilin Sarki: District heads, known as Wakilin Sarki, were responsible for the effective governance of their respective districts. They implemented the policies and regulations set by the Emir, collected taxes, maintained security, and oversaw local government administration.

(iii) Court Officials: Court officials played significant roles in the administration of justice. The Wazirin, Galadiman, and Madaki were executive officers who advised the Emir, presided over court proceedings, and ensured the fair and equitable resolution of disputes.

(iv) Military Commanders: Military commanders, such as the Dan Masanin, held executive positions in matters of defense and security. They organized and led military forces, protected the community from external threats, and maintained internal peace.

(v) Military Commanders: Military commanders, such as the Dan Masanin, held executive positions in matters of defense and security. They organized and led military forces, protected the community from external threats, and maintained internal peace.

(vi) Advisers and Counselors: Executive officers in the Hausa/Fulani pre-colonial administration included advisers and counselors who provided expertise and guidance to the Emir. These individuals had specialized knowledge in areas such as religion, law, diplomacy, and administration.

(vii) Village/Local Chiefs: Village or local chiefs, known as Hakimi, acted as executive officers at the grassroots level. They oversaw the governance of their respective villages or communities.