NECO 2021 - MARKETING ANSWER

MARKETING OBJ
1-10: BAEDACAAAB
11-20: DEBEBCCCAE
21-30: EBDDABCCCC
31-40: EBBDBCBBDA
41-50: DAAADAAAEE
51-60: CABCBADBEB

(1a)
(i) Intensive distribution strategy involves selling a product in as many outlets as possible.
WHILE Selective distribution involves selling a product at select outlets in specific locations.
(ii) Intensive distribution is appropriate for products such as chewing gum,candy bars, soft drink etc WHILE Selective distribution may be user for product categories such as clothing,appliances, televisions etc.

(1b)
(Pick Any Four)
(i) Nature of product: Nature of product on the selection of a channel of distribution. In the case of industrial goods like machinery and equipment, the manufacturer sells directly to industrial user, but in the case of tools, sales take place through middlemen.

(ii) Nature of Market: Choice of suitable channel of distribution also depends on the nature of market. Location of the market and the buying habits of buyers are also analysed.

(iii) Distribution expenses: If the producer makes direct selling, he will have to spend on distribution. But if the product gets good response from the dealers, a producer will prefer to sell through them so reduce his distribution expenses.

(iv) Popularity of goods: If the goods are popular among the consumers, the dealers themselves comes forward to buy. Then the producer may not like to open his own shops to sell the goods

(v) Prompt payment: A producer may not like to sell to retailer or big consumers because they insist to make purchase on credit, He therefore, prefer to sell to a wholesaler who purchase usually on ready cash.

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(2a)
Market union is the coming together of various traders who sell similar commodities or products in a particular market to advance and protect the interests of its members.

(2b)
Primary products are all farm produce that have not undergone processing. Example: cotton wool. Secondary products are farm produce that have undergone processing. Example: garri

(2c)
[Pick any FIVE]
(i) They settle disputes among members.
(ii) They help to promote unity among members.
(iii) They encourage joint purchase of products among members to enjoy economies of scale.
(iv) They disseminate useful information in the market to their members.
(v) They offer financial assistance to members in the form of loans and grants.
(vi) They educate their members on appropriate selling techniques.
(vii) They present a common front in their negotiations with government and other organized institutions.
(viii) They mobilize financial contributions and collections among members on weekly and monthly basis.

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(5a)
Product Life Cycle are the stages that a product moves through in the marketplace as it enters, becomes established, and exits the marketplace. In other words, the product life cycle describes the stages that a product is likely to experience.

(5b)
(i) Introduction Stage: In this stage, company profit is small (if any) as the product is new and untested. The introduction stage requires significant marketing efforts, as customers may be unwilling or unlikely to test the product. There are no benefits from economies of scale, as production capacity is not maximized.

(ii) Growth Stage: In the growth stage, sales revenue usually grows exponentially from the take-off point. Economies of scale are realized as sales revenues increase faster than costs and production reaches capacity.

(iii) Maturity Stage: In this stage, price undercutting and increased promotional efforts are common as companies try to capture customers from competitors. Due to fierce competition, weaker competitors will eventually exit the marketplace – the shake-out.

(iv) Decline Stage: In the decline stage, sales of the product start to fall and profitability decreases. This is primarily due to the market entry of other innovative or substitute products that satisfy customer needs better than the current product.

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(6a)
Bargaining is a type of negotiation in which the buyer and seller of a good or service bargain about the price with which to pay and the exact nature of the transaction that will take place, and eventually come to an agreement.

(6b)
(Pick Any Four)
(i) Communication: Communication is the foundation of success in business, negotiation and relationships. Some of the most successful people in the world are the best communicators. Good communicators understand the other party and clarifies all doubts.

(ii) Patience: It can take time before you arrive at a conclusion that is beneficial to both parties. You will have to listen, take notes and comment on the other party's problems and perspectives. And this can take up a lot of time. You will need to exercise patience while dealing with the other party to arrive at a worthy conclusion.

(iii) Body language: People tend to focus more on non-verbal skills than verbal skills. Nonverbal body language includes gestures, attires and postures. For instance, if the lead negotiator of a particular company turns up wearing a cap and t-shirt with unkempt hair and sits in a slouching position, it will create a negative appeal and the client is less likely to be persuaded into an agreement.

(iv) Communication: Communication is the foundation of success in business, negotiation and relationships. Some of the most successful people in the world are the best communicators. Good communicators understand the other party and clarifies all doubts.

(v) Etiquette: Having etiquette means managing your time effectively, addressing the other party with respect, being enthusiastic and communicating professionally. These are required to create a professional presence.

(vi) Presentation: Presentations should address the problems and solutions by putting forward a plan of action that can be easily implemented. It is vital that you use these in your negotiations.

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(9a)
A marketing plan outlines the specific actions you intend to carry out to impress potential customers and clients of your products or services and persuade them to buy the product or services you offer. A marketing plan may be developed as a stand alone document of a business plan.

(9b)
(i) It prevent time wasting on ineffectual marketing activities
(ii) Marketing plan enables you to create guidelines for evaluating the effectiveness of different methods.
(iii) Marketing plan help raise finance for capital expenditure.
(iv) It saves money by helping to ensure that the marketing budget is spent effectively.
(v) Marketing plan helps to identify prerequisites to planned activities
(vi) Marketing planning can be advocated to minimize the risk of failure.

(9c)
(Pick Any Four)
(i) Continuous process
(ii) Wide scope
(iii) Aid to decision-making
(iv) Uncertainty of conclusions
(v) Applied research
(vi) Commercial intelligence





NECO 2021 - BOOK KEEPING ANSWER

BOOK KEEPING
1-10: ECDDCEACCD
11-20: BAEBDDDDAA
21-30: BCBEBEEDCB
31-40: ECAEBBDBBA
41-50: EDEDACBBDA
51-60: CDDDDACAAE


(1a)
The business entity concept states that the business is separate from the owner(s) of the business. Therefore the accounting records for even the simplest business, the sole trader, must be kept separate from the personal affairs of the owner or owners.

(1b)
(i) Opening Entries: Entries passed to open a new set of books by an entity which is either starting a new business or continuing business to open a new set of books at the beginning of an accounting period.
(ii) Transfer Entries: For transfer of any amount from one account toanother. Credit purchase and sale of fixed assets.
(iii) Rectification Entries: Entries needed to rectify errors in the books of accounts.
(iv) Adjusting Entries: Entries needed before preparation of final accounts for items like accruals, prepayments, depreciation etc.
(v) Closing Entries: Entries needed to transfer the balances of nominal accounts to the Trading and Profit and Loss Account at the end of an accounting period.

(1c )
(i) credit the sales account (business) and debit the cash account
(ii) credit the rent account and debit the cash
(iii) debit purchase account and credit Cash account
(iv) credit the cash account and debit the debtors
(v) debit the bank account and credit the withdrawal account

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(3a)
Depreciation is defined as the reduction of recorded cost of a fixed asset in a systematic manner until the value of the asset becomes zero or negligible.

(3b)
-Assets-
(i)Current assets
(ii)Fixed assets
(iii)Financial Assets
(iv)Intangible Assets
(v) tangible Assests
(vi)Operating Assets

-Limitations-
(i)Fixed assets are shown in the Balance Sheet at their book value (Historical cost — Depreciation to date). A conventional Balance Sheet does not reflect the original value of assets.
(ii)As fixed assets are shown in the Balance Sheet at their book value, therefore, it does not have any relationship with the market value
(iii)Balance Sheet cannot reflect the value of certain factors which serve like assets, such as skill and loyalty of the staff.
(iv)conventional Balance Sheet may mislead the untrained readers in inflationary situations.

(3c)
(i)Less paperwork to get started.
(ii)Easier processes and fewer requirements for business taxes.
(iii)Fewer registration fees.
(iv)More straightforward banking.
(v)Simplified business ownership

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(5)



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(6)


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(9)





NECO 2021 - DATA PROCESSING ANSWER

DATA OBJ
1-10: DBABEDACCD
11-20: AECCCCCDCA
21-30: EBBEDAABDB
31-40: CDBEADEDEE
41-50: BBDABEEAAE
51-60: CAEBBAACAE

(2ai)
Data security refers to the process of protecting data from unauthorized access and data corruption throughout its lifecycle.

(2aii)


(2bi)
Authentication is the process of determining whether someone or something is, in fact, who or what it declares itself to be. Authentication technology provides access control for systems by checking to see if a user's credentials match the credentials in a database of authorized users or in a data authentication server.

(2bii)
Backup is the process of creating a copy of the data on your system that you use for recovery in case your original data is lost or corrupted. You can also use backup to recover copies of older files if you have deleted them from your system.

(2biii)
firewall is software or firmware that prevents unauthorized access to a network. It inspects incoming and outgoing traffic using a set of rules to identify and block threats. Firewalls are used in both personal and enterprise settings, and many devices come with one built-in, including Mac, Windows, and Linux computers.

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(3ai)
Fragmentation is a database server feature that allows you to control where data is stored at the table level.

(3aii)
(i)To provide a consistent copy of data across all the database nodes.
(ii)To increase the availability of data.

(3bi)
(i)Personal Area Network (PAN)
(ii)Local Area Network (LAN)
(iii)Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
(iv)Campus Area Network (CAN)

(3bii)
Personal Area Network (PAN)
The smallest and most basic type of network, a PAN is made up of a wireless modem, a computer or two, phones, printers, tablets, etc., and revolves around one person in one building.

(3c)
Save refers to storing changes made to an already existing/saved file. While Save as refers to storing file for the first time or when a different file name,storage location or media needs to be a changed.

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(6a)
Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering and engineering management that focuses on how to design, integrate, and manage complex systems over their life cycles. At its core, systems engineering utilizes systems thinking principles to organize this body of knowledge.

(6bi)
(i) Great analytical skills
(ii) Paying attention to details
(iii) Maths knowledge
(iv) Commitment to work and self-development

(6bii)
(i) Math knowledge; Mathematics is used in most of the informational technology sphere branches, so it is important that the computer specialist is fluent in this subject.

(ii) Great analytical skills: Of course, without analytical skills, it is hard to become a computer industry professional, because this whole branch is about finding solutions to new problems or coming up with fresh ideas.

(iii) Commitment to work and self-development Technology is probably one of the most complex areas of life there is a lot of stuff to learn every day, and those who are truly dedicated to their profession will always expand their knowledge.

(6ci)
Normal form: These is a Certain rules in database management system design have been developed to better organize tables and minimize anomalies. The stage at which a table is organized is known as its normal form.

(6cii)
(i) First Normal Form (or 1NF)
(ii) Second Normal Form (or 2NF)

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NECO 2021 - TOURISM ANSWER

TOURISM OBJ
1-10: DABACBACBA
11-20: BAABCBCDDA
21-30: EDDCBCCEDC
31-40: EBCEADAEBE
41-50: CDCBABCEAD
51-60: ACDECBEADD

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NECO 2021 - CATERING ANSWER

(1a)
Mobile catering is a form of food service in which food is prepared in or served from a vehicle.

(1b)
-Tabulate:
-Outdoor Catering:
(i)It takes place at a remote place far from the restaurants or convention centers.
(ii)It may require special equipment to keep food at required temperatures

-Indoor Catering:
(i)It takes place within a building or premises
(ii)the building ventilation system can mitigate the fluctuations in temperature.

(1c)
(i) Poisson
(ii) Potage
(iii) Oeuf
(iv) Farinaceous

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(2a)
(i) The lounge wiater: Ensures that the bar and lounge stations are fully stocked, clean and tidy at all times.
(ii) The station waiter: Ensures proper service of each dish in the right sequence
(iii) Debarrasseur: Keeps the sideboard well stocked with equipment and may help to fetch and carry items as required for the bar or kitchen.
(iv) Chef d' etage: A person in charge of a particular set of tables or station.

(2b)
(i) American service
(ii) French service

(2c)
(i) serveware: tea pots
(ii) flatware: spoons

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(3a)
(i) Roux is made by cooking equal parts flour and fat together until the raw flavor of the flour cooks out and the roux has achieved the desired color.

(ii) A crouton is a piece of rebaked bread, often cubed and seasoned. Croutons are used to add texture and flavor to salads—notably the Caesar salad—as an accompaniment to soups and stews, or eaten as a snack food.

(iii) A consomme is a soup or broth that has been clarified egg whites creating a crystal clear liquid. Consommés can be meat-based or vegetarian and are packed full of flavour.

(iv) Marinade is a savory usually acidic sauce in which meat, fish, or a vegetable is soaked to enrich its flavor or to tenderize it.

(3b)
(i) Freshness: Thirty-four percent of survey respondents stated freshness was the most important factor considered when making purchases, while another 27 percent ranked it second in importance

(ii) Price – Economics play a large part in a consumer’s purchasing decisions. About 27 percent of respondents said price was the most important consideration, while another 20 percent said it was the second most important thing to take into account.

(iii) How chickens are raised : Animal health and welfare was rated the most important factor to consider when buying chicken products by 13 percent of respondents. However, another 39 percent of those surveyed considered it the least important of the seven factors listed in the survey.

(iv) Taste : Taste was rated the most important thing to consider when buying chicken products by 13 percent of respondents, while another 20 percent of respondents considered it the second most important aspect to look for.

(v) Brand : A fair number of consumers look for specific brands of chicken when making purchases. Six percent of those surveyed said that is the most important consideration.

(vi) Quantity : How much chicken is in a package does play a role in consumer purchasing decisions. Four percent said quantity is the most important, while another 14 percent of people surveyed said it was the second-most important consideration.

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(4ai)
Wisk- It is used for blending, whipping, incorporating air, and eliminating lumps in food.

(4aii)
Colander- it is used to prevent grease splatters

(4aiii)
Tong- it is a tool used to grip and lift objects instead of holding them directly with hands.

(4b)
(i) Leafy green - lettuce, spinach
(ii) Cruciferous - cabbage, cauliflower,
(iii) Marrow - pumpkin, cucumber

(4c)
(i)Inspect your equipment regularly:
Finding and fixing small problems early can prevent being sprung up with major repairs and replacement in the future.

(ii)Regular cleaning:
Cleaning the kitchen appliances thoroughly after every use helps to take care of the appliances and save efforts.