NECO GCE 2025 GOVERNMENT ANSWER


GOVERNMENT OBJ
01-10: CCBEAACBEB
11-20: ACBBBBACBA
21-30: ABACCACCCB
31-40: EDDEBAAECD
41-50: BAEBDDDABB
51-60: BDBEEDBBAC

(1)
(PICK SIX ONLY)
(i) Provision of essential services: Public corporations are established mainly to supply essential services such as electricity, water supply, transport and communication. These services are so important to the welfare and daily survival of the people that the government must ensure they are available, reliable, affordable and spread across both urban and rural areas. Without these services, national development would be slow and life would be difficult.

(ii) To prevent exploitation: If essential services are left completely in the hands of private individuals, they may charge excessively high prices or provide poor-quality services for personal gain. Since their main aim is profit, they may neglect the needs of the masses. Government-run corporations therefore help to prevent such exploitation, maintain fair pricing, and protect the public interest by placing people’s welfare above profit.

(iii) Huge capital involvement: Some projects, like building railways, dams or waterworks, require very large capital investment that private individuals may not be able or willing to provide due to the high risk and long time needed to recover costs. The government sets up public corporations to handle these capital-intensive ventures because only the state has the financial strength and long-term capacity to fund such essential national projects.

(iv) Provision of employment: One important reason for establishing public corporations is to create employment opportunities for the citizens. These corporations usually employ thousands of workers at different skill levels, from professionals to artisans. This helps to reduce unemployment, raise household income, and improve the economic well-being of many families. It also contributes to social stability.

(v) Raising people’s standard of living: When essential services such as electricity, water and transportation are provided regularly and efficiently, productivity increases, businesses grow, and life becomes more comfortable. Stable services reduce stress, save time, improve health and support education. All these factors lead to an overall improvement in the standard of living of the people and promote a better quality of life.

(vi) For economic growth: Efficient functioning of public corporations boosts industrial and commercial activities. When there is steady power supply, good transport systems and reliable communication networks, industries can operate smoothly. This encourages both local and foreign investors to invest in the economy, which in turn promotes economic growth, job creation and national development.

(vii) Strategic projects: Some industries are too sensitive or security-related to be left in private hands, such as currency printing, arms production or defence-related communication. Public corporations are created to manage these strategic sectors to protect national security and ensure that such critical services do not fall into the wrong hands. This helps maintain national stability and sovereignty.

(viii) Revenue generation: The government may also set up public corporations to generate revenue through the sale of goods and services such as electricity bills, water charges and transport fares. Profits made by these corporations can be used to fund development projects, support government programmes and strengthen the national budget. Even when profit is not the main aim, the revenue generated still assists national finances.

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(2a)
An unwritten constitution is one in which the fundamental principles, powers and structures of government are not contained in a single codified document. Instead, the constitution is drawn from several sources such as statutes passed by parliament, judicial decisions, long-established customs, traditions and political conventions that guide the operation of government.

OR

An unwritten constitution refers to a system where the basic laws, customs, conventions, rules and practices that govern a country are not written down together in one formal document. Rather, they exist in different sources and evolve over time through usage, court judgments and historical development.

(2b)
(PICK FIVE ONLY)
(i) No checks and balances: An unwritten constitution does not firmly establish checks and balances because the powers of each arm of government are not clearly stated in one document. This weakens the ability of the judiciary and legislature to properly control the executive, allowing government officials to overstep their boundaries.

(ii) Possibility of arbitrary government: Since many rules are based on customs and traditions rather than a fixed written law, political leaders may use their discretion to interpret these conventions in ways that favour them. This can lead to arbitrary actions, abuse of power, and decisions that are not guided by clear constitutional limits.

(iii) Encouragement of arbitrary changes: Because parliament is supreme in an unwritten constitution, it can easily change important constitutional practices without following strict amendment procedures. This flexibility, although useful, creates room for manipulation, allowing leaders to alter the rules whenever it suits their political agenda.

(iv) Not easily known by citizens: The fact that the constitution is scattered across different sources makes it difficult for ordinary citizens to know exactly what the constitution says. This lack of awareness weakens civic education and makes people less informed about their rights and obligations.

(v) No ease of reference: Since the constitution is not contained in a single document, it cannot be easily consulted or studied. Students, researchers and even government officials may have to go through many materials to understand constitutional issues, making interpretation slow and sometimes confusing.

(vi) Violation of citizens’ rights: Without a clearly written document listing fundamental rights, political leaders may tamper with citizens’ freedoms without clear restrictions. This weakens the protection of individual rights and makes it easier for governments to undermine civil liberties.

(vii) Difficulty in seeking redress: Because citizens cannot point to one clear document showing their constitutional rights, it becomes harder to challenge the government when those rights are violated. Courts may also struggle to depend on scattered conventions, which makes justice slower and sometimes less certain.

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(4)
(PICK SIX ONLY)
(i) Law: Supremacy and existence of law help to maintain the rights of individuals and their corresponding obligations. When laws are clearly stated and applied equally to everyone, it prevents oppression, protects citizens from arbitrary actions, and ensures that no one’s rights are violated without legal consequences.

(ii) Independent Judiciary: Judges must be fair, impartial and free from government control in order to protect individuals’ rights against invasion by private individuals or the government. An independent judiciary ensures that justice is served and that every citizen can seek redress when their rights are infringed.

(iii) Democracy: Democracy in a modern political system permits free discussion, freedom of association, and participation in decision-making. This system of government allows people to express their opinions freely and challenge any action that may threaten their rights.

(iv) Entrenchment of Human Rights: Fundamental human rights should be clearly entrenched in the constitution of the land. When these rights are written in the constitution, they become protected by law, and no government or individual can easily remove or alter them without due constitutional process.

(v) Enlightenment Programme: This programme helps educate citizens to be conscious of their rights and how to defend them. Through civic education, campaigns, seminars and public awareness programmes, people learn how to report abuses, demand justice and insist on their constitutional freedoms.

(vi) Literacy Level: The literacy level of citizens should be improved upon, for example, through organising adult education classes and other educational programmes. When people can read and write, they are better informed about their rights and can easily understand laws, government actions and how to protect themselves from exploitation.

(vii) Free Press: Freedom of the press should be guaranteed so newspapers, radio, television, and online media can report issues objectively. A free press exposes abuses of power, human rights violations, and injustices, thereby helping to protect the rights of citizens.

(viii) Existence of Human Rights Commission: Bodies such as the Ombudsman (Public Complaints Commission), National Human Rights Commission and parliamentary committees help to protect citizens’ rights. These institutions investigate complaints, defend the oppressed, and ensure that public officials respect the rights of the people.

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(7)
(PICK SIX ONLY)
(i) Republican Form of Government: A change was made to a full republican form of government, backed up with a new constitution. This meant Nigeria completely severed its constitutional ties with Britain and became fully independent in both name and practice. The British Queen was removed from all political roles, and Nigeria now had full control of its political, legal and administrative affairs without foreign interference.

(ii) Type of System: The constitution retained the parliamentary system of government. Under this system, the executive was drawn from the legislature, and the government remained in office only as long as it enjoyed the support of the majority in parliament. This encouraged collective responsibility and ensured that the government could be removed through a vote of no confidence.

(iii) Head of State: The president, who served as a ceremonial Head of State, replaced the Governor-General of 1960. The British Queen was no longer Nigeria’s Head of State. The president performed mainly symbolic duties and represented the nation at official events without exercising any real executive power or direct control over government decisions.

(iv) Election of the President: The president of Nigeria was to be indirectly elected through a secret ballot for a tenure of five years. The election was conducted by the Senate and the House of Representatives sitting together in a joint session, which gave the office national legitimacy and ensured that the president emerged through a transparent parliamentary process.

(v) Powers of the President: The president was a ceremonial Head of State, meaning he had no real executive powers. His role was mostly to perform formal duties such as receiving ambassadors, signing bills passed by parliament, and acting strictly on the advice of the prime minister and cabinet. He could not interfere in the day-to-day running of government.

(vi) Head of Government: The Head of Government was the prime minister. He had real executive powers and was responsible for running the affairs of the country, appointing ministers, and guiding government policy. He coordinated the activities of all ministries and ensured effective implementation of national programmes.

(vii) National Parliament: The National Parliament consisted of two houses: 44 members in the Senate and 312 members in the House of Representatives. These two houses together formed the federal legislature responsible for making laws for the entire country, debating national issues, approving budgets and checking the excesses of the executive.

(viii) Judicial Service Commission Abolished: The Judicial Service Commission was abolished under the constitution. As a result, the appointment of judges was to be made by the president based on the advice of the prime minister. This showed the strong influence of the executive arm in judicial appointments and placed significant responsibility on political leaders to choose qualified and competent judges.

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(9)
(PICK SIX ONLY)
(i) Intervention Outlawed: Military intervention should be clearly outlawed by the constitution of each country. When the law firmly prohibits coups and prescribes heavy punishments for soldiers who attempt to take power, it acts as a strong deterrent and helps protect democratic rule.

(ii) Accountability: There should be proper accountability on the part of politicians who are in government or planning to be in government. When leaders know they must answer for their actions, they are less likely to misuse public office, and this reduces the political instability that usually gives the military an excuse to intervene.

(iii) Rules and Regulations: The game of politics should be played according to laid-down rules and regulations. Respecting electoral laws, constitutional procedures, and political agreements helps maintain order in the system and prevents the type of chaos or conflict that invites military takeover.

(iv) Avoidance of Ethnic Politics: Ethnic politics should be avoided by politicians. When political leaders stop using tribe, region, or ethnic identity to gain power, it promotes unity and reduces tension. National unity makes it harder for the military to justify stepping in as “peacekeepers.”

(v) Good Leadership: There should be good leadership on the part of all elected officials who serve in different arms of government. Responsible leadership, honesty, and commitment to public welfare help build citizens’ confidence in democracy and make military intervention unnecessary.

(vi) Avoidance of Mismanagement of Public Funds: Mismanagement of public funds should be avoided by politicians and the ruling elite. Corruption and financial recklessness weaken the government and anger the population, creating conditions that can encourage the military to take over. Proper use of public money strengthens democracy.

(vii) Responsible Government: The elected government should be responsive to the yearnings and needs of the people. When governments listen to the citizens, provide services, and address complaints, stability is increased, and the military loses any justification for interfering in politics.

(viii) Existence of Free and Fair Elections: There should be free and fair elections in the country. Credible elections help produce legitimate leaders and ensure peaceful political transitions. This builds trust in the democratic process and removes the excuse for military officers to claim they are “correcting” political disorder.

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(10)
(PICK SIX ONLY)
(i) Financial Problems: The organization suffers from serious financial shortages because many member-states fail to pay their dues regularly. This lack of funds affects the running of ECOWAS programmes, cripples development projects, and limits the effectiveness of peacekeeping operations in the region.

(ii) Problems Posed by Immigrants: The ECOWAS free-movement policy has encouraged the inflow of undocumented migrants into member-states. These illegal immigrants put pressure on social amenities, complicate border control, and create security concerns for governments that struggle to track their activities.

(iii) Increase in Social Vices: The ease of crossing borders has led to a rise in crimes such as robbery, drug trafficking, smuggling, human trafficking, and religious extremism. These social vices threaten national stability, disrupt peaceful coexistence, and discourage countries from fully cooperating with ECOWAS decisions.

(iv) Language Differences: Member-states use different official languages such as English, French, and Portuguese. This language diversity slows down communication, makes meetings more complicated, and increases the time spent on translation, thereby affecting the smooth functioning of ECOWAS institutions.

(v) Currency Differences: The sub-region operates with many different national currencies, which makes trade and financial transactions difficult. Exchange rate instability, high conversion costs, and the absence of a common currency have hindered economic integration and slowed progress toward a unified West African market.

(vi) Smuggling Across Borders: The free movement of people has unintentionally promoted widespread smuggling of goods and illegal items. This undermines government revenue, encourages tax evasion, destabilizes local industries, and weakens ECOWAS’ efforts to promote legal and transparent trade practices.

(vii) Fear of Domination and Unequal Development: Some poorer countries fear that richer and more advanced nations may dominate decision-making within the region. They also worry that the benefits of integration may favour stronger economies, leading to unequal development and deepened economic imbalance among member-states.

(viii) Affinity to Former Colonial Masters: Several Francophone countries still maintain strong political and economic ties with their former colonial power, France. This loyalty sometimes makes them place external interests above regional goals, thereby weakening unity, cooperation, and the overall effectiveness of ECOWAS.

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