NECO GCE 2025 GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL AND OBJ ANSWER
Geography-Obj
01-10: ADCBBEBADD
11-20: BECDBBECEA
21-30: BBEEEEBDCD
31-40: DDEAAECCDE
41-50: BBBEEDABDD
51-60: DBBCCDADDE
(1)
(1ci)
The river on the map flow from north - south and the drainage pattern of the river is dendritic. The relief is about 800m high
(1cii)
(i)Fishing and Rearing of animals activities
(ii)Transportation and hospital activities
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(3a)
(i)Clastic sedimentary rocks: Formed from the accumulation of clasts (fragments of pre-existing rocks and minerals). Example: Sandstone or shale.
(ii)Chemical sedimentary rocks: Formed from the precipitation of minerals from water. Example: Limestone (formed from calcium carbonate precipitation) or rock salt (evaporation of water).
(iii)Organic sedimentary rocks: Formed from the accumulation of animal or plant remains. Example: Coal (plant remains) or chalk (microscopic marine organism shells).
(3b)
(i)They are sources of valuable minerals and ores (e.g., gold, iron, bauxite).
(ii)They are used as building materials for houses, roads, and monuments.
(iii)They provide soil nutrients through weathering, supporting agriculture.
(iv)They can contain fossil fuels like coal and oil, which are major energy sources.
(3c)
(i)Composition: Sandstone is primarily composed of silicate minerals (like quartz grains), while limestone is predominantly made of calcium carbonate CaCO³.
(ii)Formation process: Sandstone forms from the compaction and cementation of sand grains, whereas limestone typically forms from the accumulation of organic remains (shells, skeletons) or the chemical precipitation of minerals from water. (iii)Reaction to acid: Limestone will effervesce (fizz) vigorously when a drop of dilute acid is applied because of the presence of calcium carbonate, while sandstone generally will not react.
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(6a)
YANDANG
CHARACTERISTICS
-This is an erosional feature formed by wind abrasion in desert e.g Atacama desert. It has vertical bands or hard and soft rocks of height between 5-15cm.
-Yandang is found in the desert.
-Vertical bands of hard and soft rocks standing in the direction of prevailing wind is eroded such that Rock the softer rock is eroded faster than the hard rock resulting in the formation of Yandang.
(6b)
ROCK PEDESTALS:
CHARACTERISTICS:
-It has soft and hard rock layers, mushroom with irregular shape formed in desert e.g Sahara desert
-The soft rock layers is eroded more rapidly resulting in the formation of irregular edge of alternate bands of hard and soft rock.
-Further erosion at the base produces a mushroom-shaped feature .
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(7a)
(i)Contour ploughing.
(ii)Terracing
(iii)Afforestation
(iv)Building check dams.
(7b)
(i)Deforestation: The removal of trees and vegetation leaves the soil exposed to the elements. Tree roots help bind the soil together, and the canopy of trees protects the soil from the direct impact of raindrops. Without this protection, the soil is more easily eroded by wind and water.
(ii)Overgrazing: When livestock graze excessively, they consume most of the vegetation, leaving the soil surface bare. This lack of vegetation cover makes the soil vulnerable to erosion by wind and water. Additionally, the hooves of the animals can compact the soil, reducing its ability to absorb water and further increasing erosion.
(iii)Agricultural Practices: Certain farming practices can contribute to soil erosion. For example, tilling the soil can break down its structure, making it more susceptible to erosion. Monoculture (growing the same crop year after year) can deplete the soil of nutrients and weaken its structure. Inadequate crop rotation and the absence of cover crops also leave the soil exposed during certain times of the year.
(iv)Construction and Mining: Construction activities and mining operations often involve clearing vegetation, disturbing the soil, and altering the natural landscape. This can lead to increased soil erosion, especially if proper erosion control measures are not implemented. The removal of topsoil during these activities also reduces the soil's fertility and its ability to support vegetation, further exacerbating erosion.
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(8a)
Geographical data, or spatial data, refers to information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural features, oceans, and cities, typically represented as coordinates.
(8b)
(i)Field Surveys
(ii)Remote Sensing
(8c)
(i)Spatial Analysis: Geographical data enables powerful spatial analysis, allowing users to identify patterns, relationships, and trends based on location, which helps in decision-making for urban planning, environmental management, and resource allocation.
(ii)Visualization and Mapping: The data is used to create maps and visualizations, making complex spatial information easier to understand for a wide audience, which is crucial for communication and education.
(iii)Navigation and Logistics: Geographical data underpins modern navigation systems and logistics planning, enabling efficient routing for transportation of goods and people, and powering services like Google Maps.
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NECO GCE 2025 GEOGRAPHY ESSAY ANSWER
(1a)
(1b)
(i)Understanding Demographic Trends: Studying population structure helps us understand demographic trends such as birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns. By analyzing the age and sex composition of a population, we can identify changes over time, like an aging population or a growing youth population. This knowledge is crucial for predicting future population sizes and needs, which informs policy decisions related to healthcare, education, and social services.
(ii)Planning for Resource Allocation: Population structure data is essential for planning and allocating resources effectively. Knowing the age distribution of a population helps governments and organizations determine the demand for schools, hospitals, and retirement homes. Understanding the geographic distribution of the population assists in infrastructure development, such as building roads, providing utilities, and ensuring access to essential services in different areas.
(iii)Analyzing Social and Economic Development: Population structure is closely linked to social and economic development. For example, a population with a high proportion of working-age individuals can contribute to economic growth. Conversely, an aging population may face challenges like a shrinking workforce and increased healthcare costs. Studying the structure helps to understand these relationships, informing policies to promote sustainable development and address social inequalities.
(iv)Assessing Health and Disease Patterns: Population structure is vital for understanding health and disease patterns. Age and sex distributions influence the prevalence of certain diseases. For example, some diseases are more common among the elderly, while others affect specific age groups. Analyzing the structure helps in targeting health interventions, allocating resources for disease prevention, and planning for healthcare needs. This can lead to better health outcomes and improved public health strategies.
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(2a)
(i)Inadequate infrastructure
(ii)Safety and security issues
(iii)Funding constraints
(iv)Fluctuating water levels
(2b)
(i)Modernize infrastructure and improve maintenance
(ii)Implement effective policies and funding mechanisms
(2c)
(i)Cost-Effectiveness: Water transportation, especially by sea, is generally the most cost-effective mode for transporting large volumes of goods over long distances. The economies of scale offered by container ships and bulk carriers significantly reduce the per-unit transportation cost compared to other modes like air or land transport. This cost advantage is crucial for international trade, making it feasible to transport goods that might not be economically viable otherwise.
(ii)Facilitation of Global Trade: Water transportation enables the global movement of goods, connecting countries and continents. It provides access to markets worldwide, allowing businesses to source raw materials and distribute finished products efficiently. Without water transport, the intricate global supply chains that characterize modern international trade would be severely limited, hindering economic growth and international cooperation.
(iii)Transportation of Diverse Cargo: Water transport is versatile and capable of handling a wide variety of cargo types. Container ships can carry everything from manufactured goods and electronics to clothing and machinery. Bulk carriers transport commodities like coal, grains, and minerals. Specialized vessels handle liquids such as oil and chemicals. This versatility makes water transport essential for moving diverse products, supporting various industries and trade activities.
(iv)Infrastructure and Connectivity: Water transportation relies on a well-developed infrastructure, including ports, canals, and waterways. These facilities serve as hubs for trade, providing loading and unloading services, storage, and connections to other transport modes like rail and road. The development and maintenance of this infrastructure are vital for efficient trade, supporting economic development in coastal regions and inland areas connected by navigable waterways.
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(3a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Iron and steel industry
(ii) Aluminium industry
(iii) Glass manufacturing industry
(iv) Chemical industry
(v) Machine tools and heavy engineering industry
(vi) Shipbuilding and metal works industry
(3b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Availability of raw materials: Pittsburgh is located close to the Appalachian coal fields and the iron ore deposits of the Great Lakes region. The easy availability of coal and iron ore encouraged the early development of the iron and steel industries in the region.
(ii) Abundant sources of power: The region has access to cheap power from coal and hydro-electric power from the Ohio River and its tributaries. This steady power supply supports heavy industries like steel and aluminium.
(iii) Good transport network: Pittsburgh is well served by rivers such as the Ohio, Monongahela and Allegheny. It also has good road, rail and water transport links which make movement of raw materials and finished goods easy and cheap.
(iv) Large and skilled labour force: The growth of industries attracted many skilled and unskilled workers from different parts of the United States and from other countries. This steady supply of labour helped the industries to expand.
(v) Availability of ready market: Pittsburgh industries have access to a large market within the United States. Finished products are easily sold in nearby industrial and urban centres.
(vi) Availability of capital and government support: Many rich investors, banks and financial institutions are present in the region. Government policies also encouraged industrial growth through infrastructure development and industrial incentives.
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(4a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) It helps to provide labour for industries and farms
(ii) It reduces population pressure in overpopulated areas
(iii) It promotes national unity and integration
(iv) It leads to the spread of skills and knowledge
(v) It encourages urban growth and development
(vi) It improves the standard of living of migrants
(4b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Increase in population size
(ii) Growth of towns and cities
(iii) Pressure on housing and social amenities
(iv) Increase in unemployment
(v) Rise in crime rate
(vi) Environmental pollution
(4c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Economic factors: Many people migrate from rural areas to cities like Lagos, Abuja and Port Harcourt in search of better-paying jobs and improved economic opportunities.
(ii) Educational factors: People move to places where good schools, colleges and universities are located in order to further their education.
(iii) Social factors: Some people migrate to enjoy better social amenities such as good roads, electricity, water supply, hospitals and entertainment centres.
(iv) Political factors: Political instability, insecurity, communal clashes and terrorism force people to migrate from unsafe areas to safer regions.
(v) Environmental factors: Flooding, drought, desertification and erosion push people to leave their original homes in search of safer environments.
(vi) Marriage and family reasons: People may migrate due to marriage, family reunion or to join relations in another part of the country.
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(6a)
(6b)
(i)Employment generation: They provide jobs and income opportunities for local residents, including artisans, suppliers, and vendors, which helps reduce unemployment and poverty.
(ii)Cultural preservation: These industries help preserve traditional skills, techniques, and cultural heritage, passing down valuable knowledge and art forms from one generation to the next.
(iii)Economic growth: They stimulate the local economy by attracting tourism, encouraging local spending, and creating a unique identity for the community, which can lead to further investment and development
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