WAEC 2023 - HEALTH EDUCATION ANSWER



HEALTH SCIENCE
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(1a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Orthodox medicine is the mainstream approach to healthcare in many countries and is characterized by its emphasis on scientific research, medical education, and the application of proven medical interventions.

OR

Orthodox medicine is a system of medicine in which medical doctors, nurses and other healthcare professionals deliver treatment for diseases and their symptoms to the patients through the use of pharmaceuticals or surgery.

(1b)
(i) Primary prevention
(ii) Secondary prevention

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(2a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Population dynamics refers to the study and analysis of the changes in the size, structure, and characteristics of populations and their impact on health.

OR

Population dynamics is the study of how the size, structure, and distribution of populations change over time and the factors that influence these changes.

(2b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Birth Rate
(ii) Death Rate
(iii) Immigration
(iv) Emigration
(v) Availability of Resources
(vi) Disease
(vii) Environmental Conditions

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(3a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Personality refers to the unique set of characteristic patterns, thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that define an individual and distinguish them from others.

OR

Personality is the unique and special way of life or behaviours that characterize an individual and distinguish them from others.

(3b)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Drug addiction is a chronic and relapsing condition characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite negative consequences.

OR

Drug addiction refers to the inability to control or stop using drugs despite negative consequences.

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(4a)
School health programme refers to measures put in place by the school to safeguard, educate and promote the health of the students and staff.

OR

School health programme refers to a coordinated set of activities and services designed to promote and protect the health and well-being of and staff within a school setting.

(4b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Health education
(ii) Environmental Health and Safety
(iii) Health services
(iv) Mental Health Support
(v) Health Promotion and Prevention

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(5a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Standing Posture
(ii) Sitting Posture
(iii) Lying Posture
(iv) Kneeling Posture
(v) Squatting Posture
(vi) Walking Posture

(5b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Regular exercise
(ii) Good nutrition
(iii) Maintaining good posture
(iv) Ergonomic workstations
(v) Avoiding prolonged sitting or standing
(v) Application of proper lifting techniques

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(6a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Antenatal specifically refers to the care and medical attention provided to a pregnant woman to ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

OR

Antenatal refers to the medical care that a mother receives during pregnancy to ensure the health of both the mother and baby which typically includes prenatal check-ups, ultrasound scans, blood tests, and education on healthy pregnancy habits such as proper nutrition and exercise.

(6b)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Artificial insemination is a fertility treatment method that involves the deliberate introduction of sperm into a woman's reproductive system with the goal of achieving pregnancy. It is a medical procedure commonly used to assist individuals who are experiencing difficulty conceiving naturally due to various reasons.

OR

Artificial insemination is a fertility treatment in which sperm is artificially introduced into a woman's reproductive system to fertilize an egg. This procedure is typically used when a couple experiences fertility challenges or when a single person desires to have a child without a partner.

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(7a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Endocrine gland : They are Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Exocrine gland: Glands that secrete their products into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities.

(ii) Endocrine gland: They Secrete hormones that act as chemical messengers in the body.

Exocrine gland: Secrete substances such as enzymes, mucus, sweat, or saliva.

(iii) Endocrine gland: The Hormones they release target specific cells or organs throughout the body.

Exocrine gland: Their secretions target specific locations, such as the skin or digestive tract.

(iv) Endocrine gland: Hormones are transported through the bloodstream to reach their target cells.

Exocrine gland: Secretory products are transported through ducts to reach their intended destination.

(v) Endocrine gland: Examples include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal gland.

Exocrine gland: Examples include sweat glands, salivary glands, and sebaceous glands.

(vi) Endocrine gland: They are regulated by feedback mechanisms, often involving other hormones.

Exocrine gland: Their secretion is usually regulated by local factors, such as nerve stimulation.

(7b)
Endocrine gland

-Examples:
(PICK ANY TWO & MAKE SURE WHAT YOU PICKED IN SECRETION IS WHAT YOU USE IN ANSWERING "SECRETION OF GLAND QUESTION")

(i) Thyroid gland
(ii) Pituitary gland
(iii) Adrenal gland
(iv) Pancreas

-Secretions of each gland:
(PICK ONE EACH)

Thyroid gland:
-Thyroxine
-Triiodothyronine

Pituitary gland:
-Growth hormone
-Prolactin

Adrenal gland:
-Cortisol
-Adrenaline

Pancreas:
-Insulin
-Glucagon


Exocrine gland:

Examples:
(PICK ANY TWO & MAKE SURE WHAT YOU PICKED IN SECRETION IS WHAT YOU USE IN ANSWERING "SECRETION OF GLAND QUESTION")(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Salivary glands
(ii) Sweat glands
(iii) Sebaceous glands
(iv) Mammary glands

Secretions of each gland
(PICK ONE EACH)

(i) Salivary glands:
-Amylase
- Mucus

(ii) Sweat glands:
-Sweat
-Lactic acid

(iii) Sebaceous glands:
-Sebum
-Lipids

(iv) Mammary glands:
-Milk
-Colostrum

(7c)
(i) Sensory Neurons
(ii) Motor Neurons
(iii) Interneurons

(7d)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Blinking
(ii) Sneezing
(iii) Knee-jerk reflex
(iv) Gag reflex
(v) Withdrawal reflex
(vi) Coughing

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(8a)
[PICK ANY SIX]
(i) Poor academic performance
(ii) Loss of respect from peers and authority figures
(iii) Health complications and physical harm
(iv) Damaged relationships with family and friends
(v) Decreased productivity and motivation
(vi) Increased financial burden
(vii) Participation in risky or dangerous behavior
(viii) Negative impact on mental health and emotional wellness.

(8b)
[PICK ANY FOUR]
(i) Seek professional help from a counselor or therapist
(ii) Join support groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Nicotine Anonymous
(iii) Limit alcohol and cigarette use to social situations only
(iv) Practice stress-reducing activities such as exercise, meditation or yoga
(v) Set achievable goals and track progress
(vi) Reward oneself for making progress and achieving success.

(8c)
[PICK ANY THREE]
(i) Alcohol use disorder (alcoholism)
(ii) Cigarette smoke-related lung cancer
(iii) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
(iv) Cardiovascular disease
(v) Mental health issues such as anxiety or depression.

(8d)
[PICK ANY THREE]
(i) Nicotine
(ii) Tar
(iii) Carbon monoxide
(iv) Chemicals such as formaldehyde, ammonia, and benzene
(v) Heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium.

(8e)
[PICK ANY TWO]
(i) Smokeless tobacco such as chewing tobacco or snuff
(ii) Hookah or water pipe smoking
(iii) Electronic cigarettes or vaping
(iv) Roll-your-own cigarettes or pipe smoking.

(8f)
[PICK ANY TWO]
(i) Peer pressure and social acceptability
(ii) Stressful situations or difficult life circumstances
(iii) Curiosity or experimentation
(iv) Lack of knowledge or understanding about the health risks involved.

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(9a)
[PICK ANY THREE]
(i) Electrical hazards
(ii) Mechanical hazards
(iii) Chemical hazards
(iv) Ergonomic hazards
(v) Fire hazards

(9b)
[PICK ANY FOUR]
(i) Safety goggles to protect the eyes
(ii) Earplugs or earmuffs to protect the ears
(iii) Steel-toed boots to protect the feet
(iv):Hard hat to protect the head
(v) Gloves to protect the hands

(9c)
(i) Regular safety training and reminding the operator of the hazards
(ii) Providing incentives for following safety rules
(iii) Disciplinary actions may be taken if safety rules are repeatedly disregarded

(9d)
[PICK ANY THREE]
(i) Eyes
(ii) Ears
(iii) Hands
(iv) Feet
(v) Head/brain

(9ei)
[PICK ANY THREE]
(i) Burns
(ii) Cuts and lacerations
(iii) Fractures
(iv) Electrocution.

(9eii)
[PICK ANY THREE]
(i) Greater awareness of workplace safety
(ii) Improved employee health
(iii) Cost savings for employers
(iv) Employees engagement
(v) Improved job performance