ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
1-10: CAEACDCAEA
11-20: DCADADDBDC
21-30: ADBCEDBACB
31-40: DEEEECEAAA
=============================
MARKETING OBJ
1-10: DCDECCBBBC
11-20: ACDDCDDCEB
21-30: CBAEEDDBDB
31-40: EACCAEBCEE
41-50: CDEBDABBDE
51-60: BDBECCDBCB

=============================

FISHERIES OBJ
1-10: EBDDEBDCDA
11-20: DDAACCDEBC
21-30: ECDBDCAAEA
31-40: EBBAEAAEBD
41-50: BAEDAACADB
51-60: ABCBBEB##

=============================



NECO 2024 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANSWER


ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
1-10: CAEACDCAEA
11-20: DCADADDBDC
21-30: ADBCEDBACB
31-40: DEEEECEAAA


(1a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Fertilization in farm animals refers to the process by which a male gamete (sperm) unites with a female gamete (egg) to form a zygote, which eventually develops into a new individual.

(1bi)
Prolactin
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Milk production
(ii) Regulates menstrual cycle
(iii) Immune system regulation

(1bii)
Oxytocin
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Promotes uterine contractions
(ii) Facilitates milk ejection
(iii) Influences social bonding

(1biii)
Relaxin
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Relaxes pelvic ligaments
(ii) Inhibits uterine contractions
(iii) Dilates blood vessels

(1biv)
Testosterone
(PICK ANY ONE)
(i) Develops male reproductive tissues
(ii) Promotes secondary sexual characteristics
(iii) Regulates spermatogenesis

(1c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Nutritional value
(ii) Economic benefit
(iii) Environmental sustainability
(iv) Medical applications
(v) Food security
(vi) Cultural significance

=============================


(2ai)
Piglet at Birth:
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Providing warmth
(ii) Navel care
(iii) Iron supplementation
(iv) Colostrum feeding

(2aii)
Kitten After Weaning:
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Balanced diet
(ii) Vaccinations
(iii) Socialization
(iv) Litter training

(2b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Dairy cows receive a balanced diet with optimal nutrients, leading to increased milk yield.
(ii) Climate and housing conditions are regulated to minimize stress and improve milk production.
(iii) Routine veterinary care prevents diseases that could impact milk output.
(iv) Advanced milking equipment and practices enhance milk extraction efficiency.
(v) Breeding programs focus on selecting cows with high milk-producing genetics.

(2c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Local markets
(ii) Middlemen and brokers
(iii) Processors and tanneries
(iv) Exporters
(v) Government agencies

============================

(3a)
In animal nutrition, a diet refers to the combination of feed ingredients and nutrients provided to an animal to meet its nutritional requirements for growth, maintenance, reproduction, and overall health.

(3b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Molasses makes silage more appealing to animals, encouraging higher feed intake.
(ii) Molasses provides additional sugars that help beneficial bacteria ferment the silage more effectively, leading to better preservation.
(iii) The sugars in molasses boost the energy content of the silage, improving its nutritional value.
(iv) Molasses helps retain moisture in the silage, which can improve the consistency and quality of the feed.

(3c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Nutritious grass species
(ii) Adequate water availability
(iii) Well-managed grazing pressure
(iv) Good soil fertility
(v) Disease-resistant vegetation

(3d)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Implementing rotational grazing systems
(ii) Restoring degraded areas through reseeding and vegetation management
(iii) Controlling invasive species
(iv) Installing water points and improving water distribution
(v) Implementing sustainable land management practices

=============================

(4a)
A gene in animal improvement is a unit of heredity that carries information from one generation to the next, determining a specific trait or characteristic that can be selected and bred for improvement.

(4b)




(4c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Requires specialized skills and equipment.
(ii) Risk of contamination and infection during the procedure.
(iii) High costs associated with maintaining skilled personnel and infrastructure.
(iv) Lower conception rates compared to natural mating in some species.
(v) Requires proper synchronization of estrus cycles in females for optimal results.
(vi) Potential damage to reproductive tract during insemination process.
(vii) Need for accurate timing and handling of semen to maintain viability.
(viii) Requires adequate facilities for proper handling and storage of semen.

============================

(5a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Vaccination
(ii) Quarantine measures
(iii) Biosecurity protocols
(iv) Regular health monitoring and veterinary care

(5b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) To prevent introduction of infectious diseases into the farm.
(ii) To monitor and observe new animals for signs of illness.
(iii) To prevent spread of diseases between animals on the farm.
(iv) To ensure animals are healthy before introducing them to the existing herd or flock.

(5c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Skin irritation and discomfort
(ii) Reduced productivity (milk, egg, or meat)
(iii) Weight loss and reduced growth rates
(iv) Potential spread of diseases
(v) Decreased feed efficiency
(vi) Poor coat or feather condition
(vii) Increased susceptibility to secondary infections
(viii) Behavioral changes such as restlessness


============================






NECO 2024 MARKETING ANSWER


MARKETING OBJ
1-10: DCDECCBBBC
11-20: ACDDCDDCEB
21-30: CBAEEDDBDB
31-40: EACCAEBCEE
41-50: CDEBDABBDE
51-60: BDBECCDBCB


(1a)
The marketing environment consists of external and internal factors that influence a company's ability to build and maintain successful relationships with its target customers.

(1b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Economic Growth: Marketing activities drive economic growth by creating demand for products and services. This demand stimulates production, leading to job creation and higher income levels.

(ii) Employment Generation: The marketing sector, including advertising, distribution, and retail, creates numerous jobs. These jobs span from entry-level positions to high-level management roles, contributing to overall employment in the country.

(iii) Market Expansion: Effective marketing strategies help Nigerian companies expand their market reach, both domestically and internationally. This expansion can increase exports, bring in foreign exchange, and enhance the country's trade balance.

(iv) Consumer Awareness: Marketing informs and educates consumers about available products and services. This awareness helps consumers make informed choices, leading to better satisfaction and improved standards of living.

(v) Innovation and Competition: Marketing fosters innovation as companies strive to differentiate themselves from competitors. This competition leads to the development of new and improved products, benefiting consumers and driving technological advancements.

(vi) Revenue Generation: Effective marketing strategies lead to higher sales and revenue for businesses. This revenue contributes to tax income for the government, which can be used for public services and infrastructure development.

(vi) Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Development: Marketing is particularly crucial for the growth of SMEs in Nigeria. It helps these businesses reach a wider audience, compete with larger firms, and establish a loyal customer base, thereby strengthening the overall economy.

(viii) Cultural Exchange: Marketing promotes cultural products and services, such as Nigerian music, fashion, and cuisine, to international markets. This exchange not only boosts the economy but also enhances Nigeria's cultural influence globally.

(ix) Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty: By focusing on customer needs and preferences, marketing helps businesses build strong relationships with their customers. Satisfied customers are likely to become repeat buyers and brand advocates, providing long-term benefits to the economy.

(x) Adaptation to Market Changes: Marketing research and analysis enable businesses to understand market trends and consumer behavior. This understanding helps companies adapt to changes in the market, ensuring their continued relevance and profitability.

=============================

(2a)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Selling Concept Primarily focuses on the needs of the seller WHILE Marketing Concept Centers around the needs and wants of the customer.

(ii) Selling Concept Typically involves pushing products through high-pressure sales techniques WWHILE Marketing Concept Involves creating value for customers through a deep understanding of their preferences and needs.

(iii) Selling Concept Aims to maximize sales volume and persuade customers to purchase products, often focusing on moving existing inventory WHILE Marketing Concept Seeks to achieve customer satisfaction and loyalty by providing products that meet customer needs and expectations.

(iv) Selling Concept Treats customers as a target for sales efforts, often with less emphasis on building ongoing relationships WHILE Marketing Concept Views customers as partners in a relationship, aiming to build long-term loyalty and trust through understanding and meeting their needs.

(v) Selling Concept Products are often developed based on what the company wants to sell, with less consideration given to customer input WHILE Marketing Concept Products are developed based on market research and customer feedback to ensure they align with customer preferences and needs.

(2b)
(i) Product: This refers to what you are selling, whether it is a physical good, a service, or an experience. It includes the design, features, quality, branding, and packaging. Understanding what the customer needs and wants is crucial to developing a product that satisfies those demands.

(ii) Price: This is the amount of money customers must pay to obtain the product. Pricing strategies can vary widely and include considerations such as cost of production, competitor pricing, perceived value, and market demand. Price affects the customer’s perception of value and can significantly influence sales.

(iii) Place: This pertains to how the product is distributed and where it is available for purchase. It involves choosing the right distribution channels to ensure the product is accessible to the target market. This could be through physical stores, online platforms, or a combination of both.

(iv) Promotion: This encompasses all the methods used to communicate with customers about the product and persuade them to buy. It includes advertising, sales promotions, public relations, social media marketing, and any other strategy that helps to increase awareness and sales.

============================

(3)
(i) Government Market:
The government market comprises various governmental agencies at the federal, state, and local levels that purchase goods and services to perform public functions. Governments often buy in large quantities and require suppliers to follow specific regulations and bidding processes. The focus is typically on obtaining quality products at the best possible price to serve the public effectively.

(ii) Institutional Market:
The institutional market includes organizations such as schools, hospitals, nursing homes, prisons, and other institutions that provide goods and services to people under their care. These entities often have specific needs and purchasing criteria, focusing on long-term relationships with suppliers, quality, and cost-effectiveness.

(iii) Reseller Market:
The reseller market consists of businesses that purchase goods with the intention of reselling them to other businesses or consumers at a profit. This market includes wholesalers, distributors, and retailers. The primary focus is on the ability to sell the products at a markup, manage inventory efficiently, and understand consumer demand.

(iv) Product Development:
Product development involves the process of creating, designing, and bringing a new product to market or enhancing an existing product. This includes idea generation, market research, product design, prototyping, testing, and commercialization. Effective product development requires understanding customer needs, technological advancements, and competitive dynamics.

(v) Raw Materials:
Raw materials are the basic, unprocessed resources used in the production of goods. These materials are typically extracted or harvested and then transformed through manufacturing processes into finished products. Examples include metals, timber, crude oil, and agricultural products. The availability, quality, and cost of raw materials can significantly impact the production process and overall product quality.

=============================

(4a)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Consumer Market typically involves individual or household purchases in small quantities WHILE Organizational Market Involves large volume purchases often for production or operational purposes.

(ii) Consumer Market decisions are often influenced by personal preferences, brand loyalty, and emotional factors WHILE Organizational Market decisions are more systematic, involving multiple stakeholders and are based on rational criteria such as cost, quality, and supplier reliability

(iii) Consumer Market is driven by personal needs, desires, and convenience WHILE Organizational Market is driven by business needs, efficiency, and profitability.

(iv) Consumer Market is typically transactional and short-term relationships with minimal personal interaction WHILE
Organizational Market Often involves long-term relationships with significant personal interaction and ongoing service requirements

(4b)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) To gather insights into what customers want and how to meet their expectations.
(ii) To identify and understand different market segments and tailor marketing strategies accordingly.
(iii) To test and refine new product ideas before launching them in the market.
(iv) To keep track of competitors’ strategies and market position.
(v) To identify and capitalize on new market opportunities.
(vi) To provide data-driven support for strategic and tactical decisions.
(vii) To assess and manage brand perception and equity over time.
(viii) To measure the effectiveness of marketing campaigns and strategies.

(4c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Involves a structured and methodical approach to data collection and analysis.
(ii) Aims to provide unbiased and accurate information for decision-making.
(iii) Utilizes scientific methods and techniques to gather and analyze data.
(iv) Often an ongoing process to stay updated with market trends and changes.
(v) Focuses on providing actionable insights that aid in business decisions.
(vi) Integrates knowledge and techniques from various disciplines such as economics, sociology, and psychology.
(vii) Involves the collection, processing, and interpretation of data to generate meaningful insights.
(viii) Aims to identify and solve specific marketing problems or challenges faced by the organization.

============================

(5a)
Warehousing is the process of storing goods and materials in a designated space until they are needed for production, distribution, or sale. It involves the management of storage facilities, inventory control, and the efficient handling of goods to ensure their availability and condition when required.

(5b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Storage: Warehouses provide a secure place to store goods until they are needed, helping firms manage inventory levels and ensure product availability.

(ii) Inventory Management: Warehouses track and manage inventory, allowing firms to keep accurate records of stock levels, monitor product movement, and reduce overstocking or stockouts.

(iii) Order Fulfillment: Warehouses play a crucial role in processing and fulfilling customer orders by picking, packing, and shipping products efficiently.

(iv) Consolidation: Warehouses consolidate products from different suppliers or production runs into larger shipments, reducing transportation costs and improving logistics efficiency.

(v) Distribution: Warehouses serve as distribution centers, ensuring timely delivery of products to retailers, wholesalers, or directly to customers.

(vi) Quality Control: Warehouses inspect and maintain the quality of stored goods, checking for damages, defects, or expiration dates to ensure only high-quality products are distributed.

(vii) Risk Management: Warehouses provide a safe and secure environment for goods, protecting them from theft, damage, and environmental factors like temperature and humidity.

(viii) Value-Added Services: Warehouses often offer additional services such as packaging, labeling, assembling, and customization of products to meet specific customer requirements.

(ix) Buffer Stock: Warehouses hold buffer stock to absorb fluctuations in supply and demand, ensuring business continuity and preventing disruptions in the supply chain.

(x) Seasonal Storage: Warehouses store seasonal goods and products, allowing firms to manage supply according to seasonal demand variations.

============================

(6)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Cost-Plus Pricing: Calculate the total cost of producing the product, including materials, labor, and overhead, and then add a markup percentage to ensure a profit. This method ensures that all costs are covered and a consistent profit margin is maintained.

(ii) Value-Based Pricing: Set prices based on the perceived value of the product to the customer rather than the actual cost. This approach requires understanding customer needs and how much they are willing to pay for the benefits your product offers. High perceived value can justify higher prices.

(iii) Competitive Pricing: Monitor and analyze the prices set by competitors and adjust your prices accordingly. This can involve setting prices slightly lower to attract price-sensitive customers or matching competitor prices to maintain market share.

(iv) Penetration Pricing: Set a low initial price to attract customers and gain market share quickly. Once the product is established and has a customer base, prices can be gradually increased. This strategy is often used for new products entering a competitive market.

(v) Skimming Pricing: Set a high initial price for a new or innovative product to maximize profits from early adopters who are willing to pay a premium. Over time, the price can be reduced to attract a broader customer base. This approach helps in recovering research and development costs quickly.

(vi) Psychological Pricing: Use pricing techniques that impact customer perception, such as setting prices just below a round number to make the product appear cheaper. This strategy leverages consumer psychology to drive sales.

(vii) Bundle Pricing: Offer a set of products or services together at a lower price than if purchased separately. This strategy can increase the perceived value and encourage customers to buy more, thus boosting overall sales.

(viii) Dynamic Pricing: Adjust prices in real-time based on demand, competition, and other external factors. This approach is commonly used in industries like hospitality and e-commerce, where prices can fluctuate based on market conditions.

(ix) Geographical Pricing: Set different prices for the same product in different regions or markets, considering factors like local demand, costs, and competitive landscape. This strategy allows for maximizing profits in markets willing to pay more while remaining competitive in price-sensitive areas.

(x) Promotional Pricing: Temporarily reduce prices to boost sales and attract customers, often used during special events, holidays, or sales campaigns. This strategy can increase short-term sales and attract new customers who may become repeat buyers.

============================

(7)
(i) Joint Ventures:
Joint ventures involve the collaboration between two or more businesses to pursue a common goal, typically forming a new, jointly-owned entity. Each party contributes assets, shares risks, and participates in management. This arrangement allows companies to leverage complementary strengths, access new markets, and share the financial and operational burdens of large projects. Joint ventures are commonly used in international business to navigate foreign regulatory environments and capitalize on local market knowledge.

(ii) Exporting:
Exporting is the process by which goods and services produced in one country are sold and shipped to customers in another country. This approach allows businesses to expand their market reach beyond domestic boundaries, increasing sales potential and diversifying revenue streams. Exporting can involve direct sales to foreign buyers or through intermediaries such as export trading companies or agents. It requires understanding and compliance with international trade regulations, logistics coordination, and sometimes adapting products to meet foreign standards and preferences.

(iii) Direct Investment:
Direct investment, or Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), occurs when a company or individual invests in a business located in another country, typically by acquiring a substantial ownership stake or establishing new operations. This type of investment aims to achieve long-term influence and control over the foreign enterprise. FDI can take various forms, including mergers, acquisitions, joint ventures, or the establishment of wholly-owned subsidiaries. It is driven by factors such as market expansion, resource acquisition, and strategic asset seeking.

(iv) Tariffs
Tariffs are taxes imposed by a government on imported goods and services. These duties are designed to increase the cost of foreign products, making them less competitive compared to domestically produced goods. Tariffs serve multiple purposes: they protect local industries from foreign competition, generate government revenue, and sometimes retaliate against trade practices deemed unfair. While tariffs can benefit local producers by reducing foreign competition, they can also lead to higher prices for consumers and potential trade disputes with other nations.

(v) Import Quota:
An import quota is a governmental trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity or value of a particular commodity that can be imported into a country during a specified period. This measure aims to protect domestic industries by controlling the volume of foreign goods entering the market, thereby reducing competition for local producers. Import quotas can help stabilize domestic production and prices but can also lead to supply shortages and higher prices for consumers.

=============================

(8a)
Market Segmentation is the process of dividing a broad consumer or business market into sub-groups of consumers (known as segments) based on some type of shared characteristics.

(8b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Product Selection: Choosing the right products to offer for sale based on consumer demand, market trends, and the company’s target market. This involves understanding customer needs and preferences to ensure the product assortment is appealing and relevant.

(ii) Product Pricing: Setting the right price for products to balance profitability with customer value perception. This includes considering factors like cost, competition, market conditions, and pricing strategies to attract customers while ensuring business sustainability.

(iii) Inventory Management: Managing stock levels to ensure the right quantity of products is available at the right time. Effective inventory management minimizes the risk of overstocking or stockouts, optimizes storage costs, and enhances cash flow.

(iv) Product Presentation: Displaying products in an attractive and organized manner to encourage sales. This involves creating visually appealing displays, using effective signage, and strategically placing products to draw customer attention and improve the shopping experience.

(v) Promotion: Developing and implementing marketing campaigns to boost product visibility and drive sales. This includes advertising, sales promotions, special offers, and in-store events to create awareness and incentivize purchases.

(vi) Customer Service: Providing assistance and support to customers throughout their shopping experience. Excellent customer service enhances customer satisfaction, builds loyalty, and encourages repeat business.

(vi) Sales Analysis: Monitoring and analyzing sales data to understand performance trends and make informed decisions. This includes tracking sales by product, category, or season to identify bestsellers, underperformers, and opportunities for improvement.

(viii) Product Development: Working with manufacturers or suppliers to develop new products or improve existing ones based on market research and customer feedback. This function ensures the product range evolves to meet changing customer needs and market trends.

=============================

(9a)
Marketing planning is the process of developing strategies and tactics to achieve marketing objectives. It involves researching and analyzing the market, setting goals, identifying target audiences, determining the marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion), and creating a plan to implement and monitor marketing activities.

(9b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Situation Analysis: Assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT analysis) related to the business. Evaluate the market size, growth rate, trends, and competitive landscape. Understand customer demographics, behaviors, needs, and preferences, as well as identifying key competitors and their strengths and weaknesses.

(ii) Marketing Objectives: Set specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals. Define sales targets for different products or services, establish targets for market share growth, and set objectives to increase brand visibility and recognition.

(iii) Target Market Identification: Divide the market into distinct groups based on demographics, psychographics, behavior, or other relevant factors (segmentation). Select the most attractive market segments to focus on (targeting) and craft a unique value proposition and positioning statement for the target market (positioning).

(iv) Marketing Strategy: Make decisions regarding product design, features, quality, and branding. Set prices based on costs, competition, and customer value perception. Determine the best channels to deliver products to customers and plan advertising, sales promotions, public relations, and digital marketing efforts.

(v) Budgeting and Resource Allocation: Estimate costs for various marketing activities and allocate the budget accordingly. Ensure the right resources (human, financial, and technological) are available to execute the plan.

(vi) Action Plan: Create a detailed timeline for implementing marketing activities. Ensure that all tasks are scheduled and executed in a timely manner, contributing to the overall success of the marketing strategy.







NECO 2024 FISHERIES ANSWER


FISHERIES OBJ
1-10: EBDDEBDCDA
11-20: DDAACCDEBC
21-30: ECDBDCAAEA
31-40: EBBAEAAEBD
41-50: BAEDAACADB
51-60: ABCBBEB##

(1a)
(i) Reduced availability of dissolved oxygen due to the dense growth of aquatic weeds, which can lead to suffocation and mortality of fingerlings.
(ii) Interference with the movement and feeding of fingerlings, as the weeds can create a physical barrier and obstruct their access to food.
(iii) Provision of hiding places for predators, which can increase the risk of predation on the fingerlings.
(iv) Accumulation of waste and decomposing organic matter, which can lead to the buildup of toxic substances and deterioration of water quality, affecting the overall health and growth of the fingerlings.

(1bi)
Spillway: A spillway is a structure designed to safely pass excess water from a dam, reservoir, or other water-retaining structure. It helps to prevent the overtopping and potential failure of the structure during high-flow events.

(1bii)
Fish sampling: Fish sampling is the process of collecting a representative sample of fish from a water body to assess the population characteristics, such as species composition, size distribution, and abundance. This information is crucial for fisheries management and monitoring.

(1biii)
Cropping: In aquaculture, cropping refers to the harvesting of fish or other aquatic organisms from a culture system. It involves the selective removal of individuals based on their size, age, or market demand, ensuring the efficient utilization of the available resources and maintaining the productivity of the system.

(1biv)
Feeding regime: The feeding regime in aquaculture refers to the pattern and frequency of feeding the cultured organisms. It involves the determination of the appropriate amount, timing, and composition of the feed to meet the nutritional requirements of the species and optimize their growth and health.

(1ci)
[In a Tabular Form]

-Intensive culture system-
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) High stocking density
(ii) Reliance on artificial feeding
(iii) Controlled environmental conditions
(iv) Higher capital and operational costs
(v) Increased risk of disease outbreaks
(vi) Higher productivity per unit area

-Extensive culture system-
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Low stocking density
(ii) Reliance on natural food sources
(iii) Less control over environmental factors
(iv) Lower capital and operational costs
(v) Lower risk of disease outbreaks
(vi) Lower productivity per unit area

(1cii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Provision of a reliable source of animal protein
(ii) Generation of employment opportunities
(iii) Diversification of the agricultural sector
(iv) Contribution to food security and poverty alleviation
(v) Potential for export and foreign exchange earnings
(vi) Promotion of sustainable utilization of aquatic resources

=============================

(3a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Broodstock selection and management: Selecting healthy, sexually mature male and female fish with desirable characteristics.
(ii) Hormonal induction of spawning: Administering hormones to induce the release of eggs and sperm from the broodstock.
(iii) Egg fertilization: Mixing the released eggs and sperm to facilitate fertilization.
(iv) Egg incubation: Providing the appropriate conditions (temperature, water quality, etc.) for the fertilized eggs to develop and hatch.
(v) Larval rearing: Caring for the newly hatched larvae, providing them with the necessary nutrients and environmental conditions for growth and survival.
(vi) Fingerling production: Rearing the larvae into fingerlings, which are then ready for stocking in nursery or grow-out ponds.

(3bi)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Reduce water supersaturation levels by aeration or adjusting water flow.
(ii) Identify and eliminate the source of gas supersaturation (e.g., clogged or malfunctioning aeration equipment).
(iii) Quarantine affected ponds to prevent the transfer of infected fish to other ponds.
(iv) Regularly monitor water quality parameters, especially dissolved gas levels.
(v) Improve water circulation and mixing to prevent localized gas supersaturation.
(vi) Treat affected fish with appropriate medications or remedies to alleviate the condition.

(3bii)
-Extensive fish farming-
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Low stocking density
(ii) Reliance on natural food sources
(iii) Minimal external inputs (e.g., feed, fertilizers)
(iv) Lower capital and operational costs
(v) Lower productivity per unit area
(vi) Dependence on natural environmental conditions

-Intensive fish farming-
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) High stocking density
(ii) Reliance on artificial feeding
(iii) Requirement for external inputs (e.g., feed, aeration, water treatment)
(iv) Higher capital and operational costs
(v) Higher productivity per unit area
(vi) Greater control over environmental conditions

(3ci)
Monoculture refers to the cultivation or farming of a single species of organism, such as a single fish species, in a given aquaculture system.

(3cii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Chlorine
(ii) Iodine
(iii) Formalin
(iv) Hydrogen peroxide
(v) Potassium permanganate
(vi) Benzalkonium chloride

(3ciii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN)
(ii) Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS)
(iii) Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN)
(iv) Koi Herpesvirus Disease (KHV)
(v) Spring Viremia of Carp (SVC)
(vi) Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN)

============================


(4a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Water quality
(ii) Stocking density
(iii) Transport duration
(iv) Acclimatization
(v) Oxygen supply
(vi) Handling and containers

(4bi)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Higher catch and production volumes
(ii) Improved efficiency and technology
(iii) Access to larger and more distant fishing grounds
(iv) Potential for export and international trade
(v) Economies of scale and profitability
(vi) Ability to meet the growing demand for seafood

(4bii)
(i) Potential for overfishing and depletion of fish stocks
(ii) Environmental impact from large-scale fishing operations

(4ci)
[In Tabular Form]

-Fresh fish-
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Shorter shelf life
(ii) Requires refrigeration or ice for preservation
(iii) Milder flavor
(iv) Softer texture
(v) Higher moisture content
(vi) Shorter preparation time

-Smoked fish-
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Longer shelf life
(ii) Can be stored at room temperature
(iii) Stronger, more distinct flavor
(iv) Firmer texture
(v) Lower moisture content
(vi) Longer preparation time (smoking process)

(4cii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Water quality management
(ii) Feeding and nutrition management
(iii) Disease prevention and treatment
(iv) Pond/tank maintenance and cleaning
Stocking density and population control
(vi) Harvest and post-harvest handling

(4ciii)
Length = 92,000 cm
Breadth = 62,000 cm
Area = Length x Breadth
Area = 92,000 cm x 62,000 cm
Area = 5,704,000,000 cm²
Area = 5,704,000 m²

Therefore, the area of the rectangular pond is 5,704,000 m²

=============================

(5a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Ice
(ii) Salt
(iii) Smokehouses
(iv) Pressure canners
(v) Freezers and Refrigerators
(vi) Drying Racks and Dehydrators
(vii) Chemical preservatives

(5b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Tilapia have a compressed, laterally flattened body, WHILE catfish have a more rounded, elongated body.
(ii) Tilapia have smooth, scaleless skin, WHILE catfish have a rough, scaleless skin.
(iii) Tilapia are primarily herbivorous, feeding on aquatic plants and algae, WHILE catfish are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of food sources.
(iv) Tilapia prefer warm, shallow waters, WHILE catfish can thrive in a wider range of water bodies, including rivers, lakes, and ponds.
(v) Tilapia are more tolerant of poor water quality and can survive in a wider range of pH and dissolved oxygen levels, while catfish are more sensitive to water quality.
(vi) Tilapia are widely farmed and consumed globally, while catfish are more regionally popular, with higher demand in some parts of the world.

(5ci)
(i) Disease outbreaks
(ii) Water quality issues (e.g., low dissolved oxygen, pH imbalance, toxic compounds)
(iii) Predation by other animals
(iv) Stress due to overstocking, poor handling, or environmental changes

(5cii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Surface water (rivers, lakes, ponds)
(ii) Groundwater (wells, boreholes)
(iii) Rainwater harvesting
(iv) Desalination of seawater
(v) Recycled wastewater
(vi) Municipal/public water supply

(5ciii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Possession of Claws
(ii) Presence of Antennae
(iii) Possession of Compound eyes
(iv) Possession of Segmented body
(v) Possession of abdominal appendages
(vi) Presence of Tail

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