ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
1-10: CCBCDDACCC
11-20: BACCDACCAA
21-30: ABBBAACCBA
31-40: BCCCDABBAB

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DATA PROCESSING:
1-10: ABADBBAADA
11-20: BAACBBCCDC
21-30: CBBBDCCDDB
31-40: CDCDACBADC

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FISHERIES
1-10: BBDBCCBBCC
11-20: ACCCDCBACC
21-30: DBAACDBABC
31-40: AADBDDABDC




WAEC 2024 - DATA PROCESSING ANSWER

(1)


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(2)

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(3)


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(5a)
Creating new table:

(i)Open Microsoft Access.
(ii)Click on the "Create" tab.
(iii)Select "Table Design" from the options.
(iv)Define the fields and their properties in the design view.
(v)Save the table by giving it a name and clicking "Save."


(5b)
generating a query:

(i)Open Microsoft Access.
(ii)Navigate to the "Create" tab.
(iii)Click on "Query Design."
(iv)Select the tables or queries you want to include in your query.
(v)Choose the fields you want to include in your query.
(vi)Optionally, specify criteria and sorting for the selected fields.
(vii)Run and save the query.

(5c)
Creating a split Form:

(i)open MS access and Design your form layout.
(ii)Save the form.
(iii)Open the form in Layout View.
(iv)Choose "Split Form" from the Ribbon.
(v)Optionally adjust the layout as needed


(5d)
Printing a report

(i)open Ms Access and Design or select the report.
(ii)Preview the report to ensure it looks correct.
(iii)Access the "Print" dialog.
(iv)Choose the desired printer and settings.
(v)Click "Print" to print the report.

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(6)


  






WAEC 2024 - ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANSWER

(1a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Cattle primarily eat plants, while poultry eat both plants and insects.
(ii) Cattle have a complex stomach with four compartments, whereas poultry have a simpler, single-compartment stomach.
(iii) Cattle use microbial fermentation in their stomach to digest tough plant material, while poultry rely more on mechanical digestion and enzyme breakdown.
(iv) Cattle have a special stomach chamber where microbes help break down tough plant fibers, but poultry lack this chamber.
(v) Cattle have enzymes for breaking down plant material, whereas poultry have enzymes adapted for grains and seeds.
(vi) Food moves through the digestive system slower in cattle due to microbial fermentation, whereas in poultry, digestion is quicker.
(vii) Cattle need more water for digestion because of their fermentation process, while poultry have lower water requirements.
(viii) Cattle absorb nutrients from plants mainly in their stomach and small intestine, while poultry absorb nutrients mostly in their small intestine.

(1b)
Proper pasture management.
Regular deworming.
Rotational grazing.
Maintaining good hygiene.
Feeding balanced diets.
Selecting resistant breeds.

(1c)
(i) Selective Breeding Programs: Establishing selective breeding programs aimed at enhancing desirable traits in local breeds can lead to significant improvements.
(ii) Crossbreeding: Introducing genetics from well-adapted exotic breeds into local populations through controlled crossbreeding can help introduce beneficial traits such as higher milk or meat yields, improved growth rates, or enhanced disease resistance.
(iii) Genetic Selection Using Molecular Techniques: Advancements in molecular genetics have made it possible to identify specific genes associated with desirable traits.
(iv) Improved Nutrition and Management Practices: Enhancing nutrition and management practices can contribute to the improvement of local breeds by optimizing their growth, reproduction, and overall health.
(v) Community-Based Breeding Programs: Engaging local communities in breeding programs can facilitate the conservation and improvement of indigenous breeds.

(1di)
Creep Feeding:
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Creep feeding allows young animals, such as calves or lambs, to have access to additional nutrients beyond what they can obtain from their mothers' milk alone.
(ii) By providing a separate feeding area accessible only to young animals, creep feeding reduces competition for food among different age groups or sizes of animals within the herd or flock.
(iii) Creep feeding can facilitate early weaning by providing supplemental nutrition to young animals, allowing them to transition from milk to solid feed more smoothly and at an earlier age.
(iv) Ensuring that young animals receive adequate nutrition through creep feeding can contribute to better body condition, overall health, and resilience to diseases and environmental stressors.
(v) Creep feeding can optimize production efficiency by maximizing the genetic potential for growth in young animals, leading to higher productivity and profitability for producers.

(1dii)
Dehorning:
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Dehorning removes the horns or horn buds from animals, reducing the risk of injuries to both other animals and handlers caused by horn-related aggression or accidental contact.
(ii) Dehorning animals can enhance handling and safety during routine management practices, such as feeding, milking, or veterinary procedures, by eliminating the risk of horn-related injuries to personnel.
(iii) Dehorning reduces the likelihood of equipment or other facility damage, leading to lower maintenance costs and improved infrastructure longevity.
(iv) Dehorning can enhance the marketability of animals by improving their appearance and reducing potential buyer concerns about safety and handling issues associated with horned animals.
(v) Dehorning can promote social harmony within the herd by reducing aggression and dominance-related behaviors associated with horned individuals, leading to a more peaceful and cohesive social structure.

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(2a)
(Pick Aby SIX)
(i) Protection from adverse weather conditions like extreme temperatures, rain, and wind.
(ii) Prevention of predation by providing a secure environment.
(iii) Reduction of stress, which can improve overall health and productivity.
(iv) Control of disease transmission through proper sanitation and biosecurity measures.
(v) Facilitation of efficient management practices such as feeding, watering, and healthcare.
(vi) Optimization of growth rates and production through controlled environments.
(vii) Enhancement of reproductive performance and breeding success.
(viii) Minimization of injuries and accidents, leading to healthier and more profitable animals

(2b)
(Pick Any FOUR)
(i) Prevention of aggressive behavior and competition for resources among different age groups.
(ii) Reduction of the risk of injury, particularly to younger or smaller goats, from dominant individuals.
(iii) Facilitation of age-specific feeding and nutritional requirements to support growth and development.
(iv) Control of disease transmission between age groups, as susceptibility to certain diseases may vary with age.
(v) Optimization of management practices such as deworming, vaccination, and health monitoring tailored to specific age groups.
(vii) Promotion of better socialization and behavioral development by allowing goats to interact with peers of similar age and size.

(2c)
(Pick Any FIVE)
(i) Cleaning and disinfection of the brooder house to remove any potential pathogens and provide a clean environment for the chicks.
(ii) Installation and testing of heating equipment to maintain appropriate temperature levels for the chicks.
(iii) Placement of clean and dry bedding material such as wood shavings or straw to provide a comfortable resting area.
(iv) Provision of clean feeders and drinkers filled with fresh water and appropriate chick feed.
(v) Adjustment of lighting to simulate natural day-night cycles and promote healthy growth and development.
(vi) Checking for any potential hazards or safety risks in the brooder house and addressing them accordingly.
(vii) Preparation of necessary equipment and supplies for monitoring chick health and welfare, such as thermometers, brooder guards, and first aid kits.

(2d)
(i) Pelt - Chicken
(ii) Bristle - Pig
(iii) Mohair - Goat
(iv) Veal - Calf
(v) Lard - Pig


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(3a)
(i)breed: Breed refers to a specific group of animals that share common characteristics and traits, such as appearance, behavior, and genetic makeup, that distinguish them from other groups within the same species.

(ii)genotype: genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an individual animal, comprising the specific combination of alleles (alternative forms of genes) it inherits from its parents.

(iii) Hybrid: hybrid refers to an individual resulting from the crossbreeding of two different breeds or species within the same genus.


(3b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i)Loss of Genetic Diversity
(ii)Increased Expression of Undesirable Traits
(iii)Decreased Fitness and Vigor
(iv)Inbreeding Depression
(v)Loss of Adaptability
(vi)Reduced Production Efficiency


(3c)
(i)Plant Protein Sources:
(Pick Any Two)

(i)Soybean meal
(ii)Cottonseed meal
(iii)Canola meal
(iv)Pea protein


(ii)Animal Protein Sources:
(Pick Any Two)

(i)Fish meal
(ii)Meat meal (rendered from various animal tissues)
(iii)Blood meal
(iv)Feather meal


(iii)Fiber Sources:
(Pick Any Two)

(i)Alfalfa hay
(ii)Timothy hay
(iii)Corn stalks
(ivWheat straw

(3d)
(Pick Any Four)

(i)Limited Access to Technology
(ii)High Cost of Implementation
(iii)Limited Extension Services
(iv)Cultural and Religious Beliefs
(v)Lack of Awareness and Education
(vi)Preference for Natural Breeding

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(6ai)
physiological status: Physiological status of farm animals, such as whether they are pregnant, lactating, growing, or in maintenance, significantly influences their nutrient requirements.

(6aii)
Age: Age directly impacts the nutrient requirements and digestive capacity of farm animals. Young animals have higher nutrient needs for growth and development compared to mature animals

(6aiii)
Nutrient composition of feedstuff: Formulating feeds based on the nutrient composition of feedstuff ensures that animals receive balanced diets that meet their specific nutrient requirements.


(6b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)

(i)process of slaughtering
(ii) undergoes dressing
(iii)Cutting and Boning
(iv)transforming raw meat into value-added products
(v)Packaging using appropriate materials
(vi)Storage and Distribution


(6c)
(i)selection: selection refers to the process of choosing animals with desirable traits for breeding purposes, with the goal of improving the overall genetic quality of the herd or flock.

(ii)Pasture: Pasture is an area of land covered with grasses, legumes, or other forage crops that is utilized for grazing by livestock.

(iii)Artificial Insemination: Artificial insemination (AI) is a reproductive technology used in animal production to breed livestock without natural mating

(6d)
(PICK ANY THREE)

(i)meat
(ii)Pelts
(iii)Manure
(iv)Pets

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WAEC 2024 - FISHERIES ANSWER


(1a)
(i) Fishing Gear: Fishing gear refers to the equipment, tools, and devices used by fishermen to catch fish or other aquatic organisms, including nets, lines, hooks, traps, spears, harpoons, and dredges.

(ii) Fishing Craft: Fishing craft refers to the vessels or boats used by fishermen to conduct fishing operations, including trawlers, longliners, purse seiners, trollers, and dories.

(1b)
(i) Total or complete cropping: The pond is totally drained and appropriate gear used to harvest all fish.
(ii) Partial cropping: The pond may be partially drained and appropriate gear used to harvest some of the fish

(1c)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) Selection of broodstock
(ii) Hormone injection
(iii) Hormonal induction
(iv) Spawning
(v) Egg collection
(vi) Egg disinfection
(vii) Fertilization
(viii) Incubation
(ix) Larval rearing
(x) Weaning
(xi) Pond or tank management


(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Male fish generally have brighter coloration than females.
(ii) Males have a more streamlined body shape compared to females.
(iii) Females usually have a larger and more rounded abdomen than males.
(iv) Male fish often develop specialized reproductive structures such as tubercles or breeding tubercles.
(v) The anal fin of males may be more elongated and pointed compared to females.
(vi) The genital papilla of males is typically more pronounced and pointed than that of females.

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(2a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Proper transportation techniques to minimize stress.
(ii) Providing adequate oxygen during handling and transport.
(iii) Maintaining water temperature within suitable ranges.
(iv) Avoiding overcrowding to reduce aggression and injuries.
(v) -Handling with care to prevent damage to fins and scales.
(vi) Quarantining new brood stock to prevent introduction of diseases to existing populations.

(2bi)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Water quality parameters such as pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen levels.
(ii) Pond size and depth relative to the planned stocking density.
(iii) Availability of suitable fish species for stocking, considering market demand and compatibility.
(iv) Source and quality of fingerlings or juveniles to be stocked.
(iv) Predation risk from birds, mammals, or other aquatic species.
-Environmental conditions such as sunlight exposure and wind direction.

(2bii)
(PICK ANY FOUR. It should match what u picked in 2bi)
(i) Water quality parameters: Proper water quality ensures optimal conditions for fish growth, survival, and health.
(ii) Pond size and depth: Adequate space and depth prevent overcrowding and maintain sufficient oxygen levels for fish.
(iii) Availability of suitable fish species: Selecting appropriate species ensures compatibility with the pond environment and market demand.
(iv) Source and quality of fingerlings: High-quality fingerlings from reputable sources have better growth potential and disease resistance.
(v) Predation risk: Minimizing predation risk protects stocked fish from potential losses.
(vi) Environmental conditions: Considering environmental factors enhances the success of fish stocking and overall pond management.

(2c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Fishing rod and reel
(ii) Fishing net
(iii) Fish trap
(iv) Fishing line and hooks
(v) fishing swivel
(vi) bobbers

(2d)
Broadcasting:
(i) It ensures that feed is evenly distributed throughout the pond, maximizing access for all fish.
(ii) Fish have equal opportunity to access feed, minimizing aggressive behavior and competition for food.

(ii) Spot feeding:
(i) It allows for precise delivery of feed to specific areas where fish congregate, ensuring all fish receive adequate nutrition.
(ii) By observing feeding behavior at feeding spots, fish health and appetite can be monitored more effectively, enabling early detection of issues.

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(5ai)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Soil quality
(ii) Water availability
(iii) Topography
(iv) Accessibility
(v) Climate
(vi) Environmental regulations
(vii) Market proximity
(viii) Security

(5aii)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Soil quality: Soil should have good clay content for pond lining and be free from toxic substances that could harm fish.
(ii) Water availability: Access to sufficient water ensures proper pond filling and replenishment, essential for maintaining fish health.
(iii) Topography: Flat or gently sloping land facilitates pond construction and water management, minimizing earthmoving costs.
(iv) Accessibility: Proximity to roads or waterways eases transportation of supplies, equipment, and harvested fish, reducing logistical challenges.
(v) Climate: Climate influences water temperature, which affects fish growth rates and overall productivity.
(vi) Environmental regulations: Understanding local regulations ensures that pond construction and operation adhere to environmental standards, avoiding legal issues and fines.
(vii) Market proximity: Proximity to markets reduces transportation costs and ensures fresher fish for consumers, enhancing market competitiveness.
(viii) Security: Selecting sites away from areas with high crime rates reduces risks of theft or vandalism, safeguarding investments in equipment and fish stocks.

(5b)
(i) Gills:
-Fresh fish gills are bright red or pink, indicating good oxygen exchange and freshness while Spoiled fish gills may appear dull, discolored, or brownish, indicating decreased oxygen exchange and spoilage.

(ii) Skin:
-Fresh fish skin is smooth, shiny, and tightly adhered to the flesh, with vibrant colors characteristic of the specie while Spoiled fish skin may appear slimy, dull, or discolored, with patches of darkening or browning indicating deterioration.

(iii) Muscle
-Fresh fish muscle tissue is firm, moist, and has a translucent appearance, indicating freshness while Spoiled fish: Muscle tissue may appear dry, flaky, or slimy, with a loss of elasticity and a sticky texture.

(iv) Eyes:
- Fresh fish eyes are convex and plump, while spoiled fish eyes may be concave or deflated.

(v) Belly:
-Fresh fish belly feels firm to the touch, while spoiled fish belly may feel puffy or mushy.

(5c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Prompt chilling after catch.
(ii) Proper cleaning and gutting.
(iii) Storage in ice or refrigeration.
(iv) Packaging in airtight containers.
(v) Maintaining cleanliness during processing.
(vi) Avoiding cross-contamination with other foods.
(vii) Using food-grade preservatives.
(viii) Monitoring temperature during storage and transport.
(ix) Rapid freezing for long-term storage.
(x) Implementing good hygiene practices throughout the supply chain.

(5d)
By-catch in fisheries, consisting of unintended species caught during fishing operations, can be repurposed for fish meal production, animal feed, fish oil extraction, and fertilizer. This utilization helps minimize waste and provides additional value from otherwise discarded catch.

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(6ai)
Floats:
(PICK ONLY ONE)
(i) Floats provide buoyancy to keep the upper part of the net afloat in the water, ensuring that it remains at the desired depth.
(ii) Floats often come in bright colors or are equipped with flags to increase visibility, making it easier for fishermen to locate and retrieve the net.

(6aii)
Sinkers:
(PICK ONLY ONE)
(i) Sinkers help to keep the lower part of the net submerged at the desired depth in the water column, ensuring effective fishing.
(ii) Sinkers provide stability to the net, preventing it from drifting excessively in the water and maintaining its position.

(6aiii)
Netting:
(PICK ONLY ONE)
(i) The netting is the primary component of the gill net that captures fish by entangling them as they swim into it.
(ii) The size and structure of the netting can be adjusted to target specific sizes or species of fish, allowing for selective fishing practices.

(6aiv)
Foot Rope:
(PICK ONLY ONE)
(i) The foot rope runs along the bottom of the net, helping to maintain its shape and ensuring that the net remains spread out and functional.
(ii) The foot rope can be weighted to anchor the bottom of the net to the seabed, preventing it from drifting or moving excessively in strong currents.

(6av)
Head Rope:
(i) The head rope runs along the top of the net, providing structural support and helping to maintain its shape and orientation in the water.
(ii) The head rope often serves as the attachment point for the mainline, connecting the gill net to the fishing vessel and allowing for deployment and retrieval.

(6bi)
Protein:
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Fish meal
(ii) Soybean meal
(iii) Shrimp meal
(iv) Krill meal
(v) Spirulina
(vi) Blood meal

(6bii)
Energy:
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Fish oil
(ii) Corn
(iii) Wheat
(iv) Rice bran
(v) Barley

(6biii)
Minerals and vitamins:
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Fish liver oil
(ii) Salt
(iii) Wheat germ
(iv) fish liver oil
(v) alfalfa meal

(6c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Thorough drying methods
(ii) Hygiene maintenance
(iii) Temperature regulation
(iv) Food-grade equipment usage
(v) Pest control measures
(vi) Proper packaging
(vii) Clear labeling
(viii( Compliance with safety regulations

(6d)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) It extends shelf life
(ii) It reduces food waste
(iii) It facilitates transportation
(iv) It enhances food safety
(vi) It increases economic values.






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