WAEC 2024 GEOGRAPHY
PRACTICAL & PHYSICAL ANSWER
PAPER TIME: 3:30PM - 5:20PM


(1)


(1c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Linear Elevation: It is a long, narrow elevated landform that typically extends for several kilometers, therefore, it is a ridge
(ii) Steep Slopes: The sides of the ridge is made up of steep, forming sharp angles with the adjacent valleys or plains.
(iii) Sparse Vegetation: There is limited plant growth due to poor soil stability.
(iv) Crest: The top of the ridge, known as the crest, is narrow.
(v) Drainage Pattern: There is fast surface runoff for gullies or stream channels.
(vi) Parallel Formation: It occur in parallel sequences and valleys are aligned in a linear pattern.

(1d)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Roads avoid steep slopes in the entire map.
(ii) The main road is found in the northwestern part of the map where the relief is gently rolling.
(iii) The secondary road avoids hills and ridge at the southern part of the map
(iv) The minor road in the mapped area runs parallel to the rugged relief from the North to south.
(v) Roads avoid highlands and take advantage of lowlands in the mapped area.

=============================

(3)


=============================

(4a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
An igneous rock is a type of rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of molten rock material, either magma beneath the Earth's surface or lava on the surface. Examples include granite and basalt.

OR

An Igneous rock is a rock that is formed as a result of hot molten magma escaping to earth surface and cooling. Examples are granite and basalt.

OR

An Igneous rock is a type of rock that crystallizes from molten magma or lava, forming intrusive or extrusive structures based on where it cools. Examples: granite and basalt.



(4b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Igneous rocks typically have a crystalline texture, where the minerals form interlocking crystals.
(ii) They are composed of various minerals such as quartz, feldspar, mica, etc.
(iii) Igneous rocks are generally hard and durable due to the strong bonding between their mineral components.
(iv) Igneous rocks do not contain fossils because they form from molten material, which destroys any organic matter.
(v) They can have a wide range of chemical compositions, from felsic (rich in silica) to mafic (rich in magnesium and iron).

(4c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Construction Material: Igneous rocks like granite and basalt are extensively used as construction materials for buildings, roads, and monuments due to their strength and durability.
(ii) Mining Resources: Igneous rocks are rich in minerals and ores. For example, they are a major source of metals like gold, silver, copper, and iron.
(iii)Gemstones: Certain igneous rocks are sources of valuable gemstones, such as diamonds found in kimberlite pipes.
(iv) Soil Fertility: The weathering of igneous rocks contributes to soil formation, providing essential minerals that enhance soil fertility for agriculture.
(v) Industrial Use: Some igneous rocks are used in various industrial applications. For instance, pumice is used as an abrasive material, and perlite is used in the production of lightweight aggregates for concrete and plaster.
(vi) Geothermal Energy: Areas with igneous activity are often rich in geothermal energy, which can be harnessed for electricity production and heating.
(vii) Tourism: Igneous rock formations and volcanic landscapes attract tourists, contributing to the economy through tourism and related services.

================================

(5a)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Soluble rocks (limestone, dolomite, gypsum)
(ii) High rainfall and precipitation
(iii) Low relief and gentle slopes
(iv) Good drainage and permeable rocks
(v) Tectonic stability and minimal faulting

(5b)
Mode of formation of sink hole:
Sinkholes are depressions or holes in the ground caused by the collapse of a surface layer. They form primarily through chemical weathering, where slightly acidic rainwater dissolves soluble bedrock such as limestone or dolomite. This process creates underground voids and cavities as water seeps through the soil and rock, dissolving more material over time. Sinkholes can form either gradually or suddenly, depending on the type of material and the presence of groundwater.

Characteristics of sink hole:
(i) They vary from a few meters to hundreds of meters in diameter and depth, typically circular or oval.
(ii) They can be small, shallow depressions or large, deep chasms; may be bare rock, soil, or water-filled.
(iii) They are common in karst landscapes with features like caves and disappearing streams.

================================

(6a)
(i) AF: Tropical rainforest climate (high temperature and high rainfall throughout the year)
(ii) Am: Tropical monsoon climate (high temperature and high rainfall, with a dry season)
(iii) Aw: Tropical savanna climate (high temperature and moderate rainfall, with a dry season)

(6b)
(PICK ANY SIX)
(i) High and Uniform Temperatures: The Af climate maintains high temperatures year-round, with monthly averages typically ranging between 25°C to 30°C (77°F to 86°F).
(ii) Abundant and Evenly Distributed Rainfall: This climate experiences heavy rainfall throughout the year, with no distinct dry season.
(iii) High Humidity: Due to the high temperatures and consistent rainfall, humidity levels in Af climates are typically very high, often exceeding 80%.
(iv) Dense Vegetation and Biodiversity: The constant warm and wet conditions support dense tropical rainforests with diverse plant and animal life.
(v) Frequent Cloud Cover: Persistent cloud cover is common due
(vi) Equatorial Location: The Af climate is predominantly found around the equator, between latitudes 10°N and 10°S.
(vii) Low fertility soil: Soils in Af climates are often highly weathered and leached, with low fertility due to the intense rainfall washing away nutrients.


=================================

(7a)
(PICK ANY THREE)

(i)Meanders (Bends)
(ii)Riffles
(iii)Pools
(iv)Gravel Bars

(7b)
CHARACTERISTICS OF POTHOLE:

(i)Circular or Elliptical Shape: Potholes are typically round or oval depressions found on the riverbed.

(ii)Varied Sizes: They can range in size from a few centimeters to several meters in diameter and depth.

(iii)Smooth Interior: The interior surfaces of potholes are usually smooth due to continuous abrasion by swirling water and sediment.

MODE OF FORMATION OF POTHOLE:

(i)Initial Depression: Potholes start forming in areas where there is an initial depression in the riverbed, often due to irregularities in the rock surface

(ii)Swirling Water: During high flow conditions, water starts to swirl in these depressions, creating a circular current.

(iii)Abrasion: Sediments like sand, gravel, and pebbles carried by the river are caught in the swirling current. These sediments act like a natural drill, grinding against the rock surface.

(iv)Deepening and Widening: Over time, the continuous abrasion deepens and widens the depression, forming a pothole

(v)Maintenance: Potholes are maintained and enlarged by the constant supply of abrasive sediments and the persistent swirling motion of water.

============================

(8a)
Atmospheric resources refer to the various components of the Earth's atmosphere that are utilized or harnessed by humans for various purposes. These resources include air for breathing, wind energy for power generation, and atmospheric gases such as oxygen and nitrogen for industrial, agricultural, and scientific applications.

OR

Atmospheric resources could be the collective term for natural elements and phenomena found in the Earth's atmosphere that are valuable or useful to humans. This includes not only the gases that make up the atmosphere, but also phenomena such as weather patterns, atmospheric circulation, and the ozone layer.

(8b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i)Air Quality and Human Health: The atmosphere provides the air we breathe, which is essential for human survival. Monitoring and managing atmospheric resources help ensure that the air remains safe for breathing.

(ii)Renewable Energy: The atmosphere contains wind energy, which can be harnessed through wind turbines to generate electricity. Harnessing wind energy contributes to a cleaner and more sustainable energy future.

(iii)Weather Prediction and Disaster Management: Atmospheric resources are crucial for weather prediction and forecasting, which helps communities prepare for and respond to natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes, and droughts

(iv)Ecosystem Support: The atmosphere provides essential resources for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Atmospheric gases such as oxygen and nitrogen are vital for supporting plant and animal life.

(v)Climate Regulation: Atmospheric resources play a key role in regulating Earth's climate. Gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor influence the greenhouse effect, which helps to maintain a stable temperature range suitable for life on Earth.

(8c)
(PICK ANY THREE)

(i)Burning Fossil Fuels: Combustion of coal, oil, and natural gas releases carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and other pollutants into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution and climate change.

(ii)Deforestation: Cutting down trees reduces the number of plants that can absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, leading to increased greenhouse gas levels.

(iii)Industrial Processes: Manufacturing activities release various pollutants, including particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds, which degrade air quality and contribute to global warming.

(iv)Agricultural Practices: Intensive farming methods, such as livestock production and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, release methane and nitrous oxide, potent greenhouse gases, into the atmosphere.

(v)Waste Management: Improper disposal of waste, including landfilling and open burning, releases methane and other pollutants into the air, contributing to both air pollution and climate change.



()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()()



WAEC 2024 GEOGRAPHY ANSWER


GEOGRAPHY OBJ
1-10: CADCABCDCC
11-20: ACCAACBBCC
21-30: BCABCAABAD
31-40: ABBACAACAC
41-50: CBADABBDBB



(1a)
(i) Primary industries involve the extraction and production of raw materials while Secondary industries, on the other hand, are involved in the processing of raw materials into finished products.
(ii) Examples of primary industries include agriculture, fishing, forestry, and mining while Examples of secondary industries include manufacturing, construction, and production of goods such as automobiles, textiles, and electronics.
(iii) Primary industries are usually located in rural areas and are often labor-intensive, relying on natural resources while secondary industries are typically located in urban areas and are more capital-intensive, relying on machinery and technology.

(1b)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Lower Capital Requirement: Light industries often require less initial investment compared to heavy industries, making them more accessible for developing countries with limited financial resources.
(ii) Labor-Intensive Nature: Light industries are generally more labor-intensive, providing employment opportunities for a large workforce, which is often abundant in developing countries.
(iii) Raw Material Availability: Many developing countries have easy access to raw materials suitable for light industries, such as textiles, food processing, and handicrafts.
(iv) Market Demand: There is a high local and regional demand for the goods produced by light industries, such as clothing, food items, and household products.
(v) Small Scale Operations: Light industries can operate on a smaller scale, which is suitable for the economic structures of many developing countries where large-scale industrial operations may be impractical.
(vi) Government Support: Many developing countries provide incentives and support for light industries as a means to boost employment and stimulate economic growth.
(vii) Lower Environmental Impact: Light industries typically have a lower environmental impact compared to heavy industries, which is crucial for developing countries facing environmental challenges and limited regulatory frameworks.

(1c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Job Creation: The industrial sector generates a significant number of employment opportunities, reducing unemployment rates and improving the standard of living for many people.
(ii) Economic Diversification: Industrialization helps diversify the economy, reducing dependency on agriculture and raw materials, thereby stabilizing economic growth.
(iii) Increased GDP: Industrial activities contribute to a higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by producing goods and services, boosting the overall economic output.
(iv) Foreign Exchange Earnings: The export of manufactured goods provides foreign exchange earnings, improving the country's balance of payments and allowing for the import of essential goods and technology.
(v) Technological Advancement: The industrial sector often leads to technological innovation and transfer, enhancing productivity and fostering further economic development.
(vi) Infrastructure Development: Industrial growth stimulates the development of infrastructure such as roads, power supply, and telecommunications, which benefits the entire economy.
(vii) Improved Living Standards: By providing higher wages and a broader range of goods and services, the industrial sector can significantly improve the living standards of the population.

=============================

(2a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Rural-rural migration
(i) Urban-rural migration
(iii) Urban-urban migration
(iv) Rural-urban migration
(v) Immigration
(vi) Emigration
(vii) Seasonal migration

(2b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Political instability and conflict: Wars, civil wars, and political persecution can force people to flee their homes and seek refuge in other regions or countries.
(ii) Economic factors: Poverty, unemployment, and lack of resources can drive people to migrate to areas with better economic opportunities.
(iii) Environmental factors: Natural disasters like droughts, famines, and floods can lead to migration as people seek safer and more habitable environments.
(iv) Social and cultural factors*: Marriage, education, and family reunification can cause people to move to new locations.
(v) Demographic factors: Rapid population growth and a high proportion of young people (youth bulge) can lead to migration as people seek better opportunities or escape resource scarcity.
(vi) Technological advancements: Improved transportation and communication can facilitate migration by making it easier for people to move and stay connected with their origins.
(vii) Climate change and environmental degradation: Rising temperatures, desertification, and deforestation can force people to migrate to areas with more favorable environmental conditions.

(2c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Increased population density and urbanization: When people move to a new region, the population density of that area increases. This can lead to urbanization, as people move from rural areas to cities in search of better opportunities.
(ii) Strain on infrastructure and resources: A sudden influx of people can put pressure on the existing infrastructure and resources of the destination region. This includes housing, water supply, healthcare services, education, and other essential amenities.
(iii) Economic benefits: Migration can bring economic benefits to the destination region, such as an increased labor force, new skills, and entrepreneurship. Migrants can start new businesses, create jobs, and stimulate economic growth.
(iv) Cultural and social diversity: When people from different backgrounds move to a new region, they bring their unique cultures, customs, and social norms. This can lead to cultural diversity and exchange, but also potential conflicts and integration challenges.
(v) Environmental impact: Population movement can lead to environmental degradation, pollution, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity in the destination region. This is particularly true if the migrants engage in activities like agriculture, mining, or urban development without proper environmental regulations.

============================

(3a)
(PICK ANY ONE)
The birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a given population over a specific period, typically one year. It is an essential demographic indicator used to assess population growth and reproductive health trends.

OR

The birth rate is a demographic indicator that measures the frequency of live births in a specified population, expressed as the number of live births per 1,000 people in that population over the course of one year.

(3b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Cultural Practices: In many parts of Tropical Africa, cultural norms and traditions favor large families. High value is placed on having many children, which can increase the birth rate.
(ii) Economic Factors: In agrarian societies, children are often seen as economic assets who can contribute to the family’s labor force. This economic benefit can drive higher birth rates.
(iii) Access to Education: Lower levels of education, particularly among women, often correlate with higher birth rates. Educated women tend to have fewer children as they have greater access to family planning information and career opportunities.
(iv) Health Care Accessibility: Limited access to healthcare, including reproductive health services and contraception, can result in higher birth rates.
(v) Government Policies: Policies that promote or discourage family planning can significantly impact birth rates. In some areas, lack of support for family planning services can lead to higher birth rates.

(3c)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Labor Force: A large population provides a substantial labor force, which can drive economic development if properly harnessed.
(ii) Market Size: Over-population can lead to a large domestic market, encouraging businesses to invest and thrive due to high demand for goods and services.
(iii) Innovation and Cultural Diversity: A diverse and large population can foster innovation and cultural richness, contributing to a dynamic and creative society.
(iv) Military Strength: A larger population can translate into a stronger military force, which may enhance national security.
(v) Human Resources: Over-population can provide a wealth of human resources, which can be advantageous for various sectors such as education, healthcare, and technology.

(3d)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Resource Depletion: Over-population puts immense pressure on natural resources, leading to depletion and environmental degradation.
(ii) Unemployment: High population growth can result in insufficient job opportunities, leading to high levels of unemployment and underemployment.
(iii) Poor Living Conditions: Over-population can strain infrastructure and social services, resulting in overcrowded living conditions, inadequate housing, and poor sanitation.
(iv) Healthcare Strain: Over-population can overwhelm healthcare systems, making it difficult to provide adequate medical services to everyone.
(v) Food Security: High population growth can lead to food shortages and increased malnutrition as the demand for food outpaces supply.

=============================

(4)


============================

(5a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Climate: Different regions in Nigeria have varying climatic conditions, which affect what crops can be grown. For instance, the northern region with its arid climate is suitable for crops like millet and sorghum, while the southern region with its humid climate supports crops like cocoa and palm oil.
(ii) Soil Type: The fertility and type of soil in different parts of Nigeria influence agricultural productivity. Areas with rich, loamy soil are more suitable for crop farming, while regions with poor, sandy soil may be better for certain types of grazing.
(iii) Topography: The physical landscape, including mountains, valleys, and plains, affects what can be produced. Flat plains are ideal for large-scale farming, while hilly or mountainous areas may be better for specific crops or livestock.
(iv) Water Availability: Access to water resources, such as rivers, lakes, and rainfall, is crucial for agriculture and other production activities. Areas with abundant water resources can support irrigation-based agriculture and industries that require significant water input.
(v) Economic Factors: Market demand, availability of capital, and access to technology can influence production. Regions with better infrastructure and market access can support more diverse and technologically advanced production.
(vi) Government Policies: Policies such as subsidies, tariffs, and support for certain industries can encourage the production of specific goods. For example, government incentives for agricultural production can boost farming activities.
(vi) Human Resources: The availability of skilled and unskilled labor affects what can be produced. Areas with a higher population and better educational facilities can support industries requiring specialized skills.

(5b)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Poor Infrastructure: Inadequate transportation networks, such as roads, railways, and ports, can impede the movement of goods within the country and for export, leading to delays and increased costs.
(ii) Corruption: Corruption at various levels of government and within trade-related institutions can create obstacles for businesses, including the need to pay bribes and deal with bureaucratic red tape.
(iii) Insecurity: Issues such as terrorism, banditry, and piracy can disrupt trade routes, lead to loss of goods, and deter both local and foreign investors from engaging in trade activities.
(iv) Inconsistent Government Policies: Frequent changes in trade policies, tariffs, and regulations can create uncertainty and instability, making it difficult for businesses to plan and operate effectively.
(v) Lack of Access to Finance: Difficulty in obtaining loans and other financial services can hinder businesses from expanding their operations and engaging in larger-scale trade.
(vi) Electricity Shortages: Frequent power outages and lack of reliable electricity supply can affect production processes, increase costs, and reduce the competitiveness of Nigerian goods in the international market.
(vii) Trade Barriers: High tariffs, import/export restrictions, and complex customs procedures can make it difficult for businesses to trade across borders, reducing trade volumes and increasing costs.

=============================

(6)


ANOTHER VERSION OF 6B & 6C

(6b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Source of Rivers: Highlands are crucial as they are the origin of many rivers in Nigeria, providing essential water resources for agriculture, drinking, and other uses.
(ii) Tourism and Recreation: The scenic beauty and unique landscapes of highlands attract tourists, contributing to the local economy through tourism and recreational activities.
(iii) Climate Regulation: Highlands have a moderating effect on climate, offering cooler temperatures compared to lowland areas. This can be beneficial for human settlement and agriculture.
(iv) Biodiversity: Highlands often support unique ecosystems and biodiversity, providing habitats for various plant and animal species that are not found in lowland areas
(v)Mineral Resources: Highlands are often rich in minerals, making them important sites for mining activities, which contribute to the national economy.

(6c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Transportation Challenges: The rugged terrain of highlands makes the construction and maintenance of roads and other transportation infrastructure difficult and costly, hindering connectivity and access.
(ii) Limited Agricultural Land: Steep slopes and rocky soils in highlands limit the amount of arable land available for agriculture, affecting food production and local livelihoods.
(iii) Risk of Landslides: Highlands are prone to landslides, especially during heavy rains, which can destroy property, disrupt infrastructure, and pose significant risks to human life.
(iv) Isolated Communities: The difficult terrain can lead to the isolation of communities, making it harder to deliver essential services like healthcare, education, and emergency response.
(v) Water Supply Issues: While highlands can be sources of rivers, the actual distribution of water can be challenging. Communities in highland regions may face difficulties in accessing consistent and reliable water supply due to the uneven terrain.
(vi) Deforestation and Soil Erosion: In efforts to create more agricultural land or gather resources, deforestation in highland areas can lead to significant soil erosion. This not only degrades the land but also increases sedimentation in rivers and disrupts local ecosystems.