WAEC 2023 - ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ANSWER


ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
1-10: BCDBCBADBC
11-20: ADDCCABDAA
21-30: BBABDDBCBC
31-40: DCCCCDDADC


(1ai)
[PICK ANY FIVE]
(i) To extend its shelf life
(ii) To prevent spoilage and bacterial growth
(iii) To maintain its nutritional content and quality
(iv) To improve its flavor and texture
(v) To facilitate storage and transportation
(vi) To increase availability and accessibility in areas with limited access to fresh meat
(vii) To reduce waste and save money
(viii) To meet specific cultural or religious dietary restrictions

(1aii)
[PICK ANY FIVE]
(i) Ham
(ii) Sausage
(iii) Bacon
(iv) Hot dogs
(v) Deli meats
(vi) Jerky
(vii) Pepperoni
(viii) Corned beef

(1b)
[PICK ANY FOUR]
(i) They are smaller in size compared to commercial breeds.
(ii) They have a more intense flavor and texture.
(iii) They are more resistant to diseases and adverse environmental conditions.
(iv) They are able to forage for their own food.
(v) They are usually raised in free-range systems.
(vi) They have a longer life span than commercial breeds.

(1ci)
[PICK ANY THREE]
(i) Artificial vagina
(ii) Electro-ejaculation
(iii) Massage method
(iv) Manual collection
(v) Transrectal massage
(vi) Epididymal or testicular sperm aspiration

(1cii)
(i) Ensure that the equipment is cleaned and sterilized properly before use.
(ii) Use only high-quality semen from healthy donors.
(iii) Follow proper hygiene protocols to minimize the risk of infection.

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(2ai)
Malnutrition in animal husbandry refers to the condition in which an animal does not receive adequate amounts of required nutrients such as protein vitamins and minerals necessary for proper growth development and maintenance of bodily functions.

(2aii)
(i) Calcium
(ii) Vitamin A
(iii) Methionine
(iv) Lysine

(2aiii)
(i) Calcium
[PICK ANY TWO]
(i) It plays a crucial role in building strong bones and teeth.
(ii) It helps in the contraction and relaxation of muscles.
(iii) It regulates the heartbeat and ensures smooth functioning of the nervous system.
(iv) It helps in blood clotting.
(v) It is required for the secretion of important hormones and enzymes in the body.
(v) It plays a role in maintaining normal blood pressure.

(ii) Vitamin A
[PICK ANY TWO]
(i) It helps maintain good vision and prevents night blindness.
(ii) It boosts the immune system and promotes healthy skin.
(iii) It promotes growth and development.
(iv) It plays a role in the formation of red blood cells.
(v) It supports reproductive health and fertility.
(vi) It has antioxidant properties that help protect the body from damage caused by free radicals.

(iii) Methionine
[PICK ANY TWO]
(i) It is an essential amino acid required for the synthesis of proteins.
(ii) It helps in the metabolism of fats.
(iii) It plays a role in detoxification of the liver.
(iv) It supports the growth of healthy hair and nails.
(v) It helps in the formation of cartilage and collagen.
(vi) It may also have antioxidant properties that help protect the body from damage caused by free radicals.

(iv) Lysine
[PICK ANY TWO]
(i) It is required for the synthesis of proteins.
(ii) It helps in the absorption of calcium and the formation of collagen.
(iii) It plays a role in the creation of carnitine which is important for energy production.
(iv) It plays a role in the production of hormones enzymes and antibodies.
(v) It supports the growth and maintenance of healthy bones and skin.
(vi) It may also have antiviral properties and help prevent the recurrence of cold sores.

(2b)
[PICK ANY TWO]
(i) To monitor and evaluate bird performance: Keeping records of feed consumption weight gain and egg production helps farmers to monitor bird performance and detect any issues such as sickness or poor growth rate.
(ii) To manage feed and medication usage: Records of feed and medication consumption help farmers to manage their stock and plan for future usage.
(iii) To keep track of expenses and income: Keeping financial records is essential for budgeting and making informed business decisions.
(iii) To comply with regulatory requirements: Some poultry farming activities require keeping records to comply with regulations and standards.
(iv) To plan for future production: Records help farmers to forecast future production and plan for necessary adjustments to optimize production.
(v) To improve efficiency: Analyzing records of feed conversion cost of production and bird performance helps farmers to identify areas where efficiency can be improved and implement necessary changes.

(2c)
[PICK ANY FOUR]
(i) Ensure proper drainage: Liver flukes require damp environments to complete their life cycle so proper drainage will help to reduce their population.
(ii) Avoid overgrazing: Overgrazing of pasture by livestock can damage the grass and create ideal conditions for liver fluke infestation.
(iii) De-worm regularly: De-worming of livestock helps to prevent liver fluke infestation by killing the immature stages of the parasite.
(iv) Rotate pasture: Regularly rotating livestock to different pastures helps to break the life cycle of liver flukes by interrupting their access to required habitat.
(v) Boil drinking water: Boiling water for drinking by livestock prevents them from ingesting snails which can harbor infective stages of liver flukes.
(vi) Use snail control measures: Controlling snail populations in water sources and pastures is an effective way of preventing liver fluke infestation in livestock.

============================

(4ai)
Parasites are organisms that live in or on a host organism, deriving nutrients from the host while potentially causing harm

(4aii)
pests refer to organisms that can cause harm, nuisance, or economic damage to livestock or the production environment.


(4b)
(PICK ANY THREE)

(i)Sheep Keds (Melophagus ovinus)
(ii)Sheep Ticks (Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor spp.)
(iii)Sheep Lice (Bovicola ovis and Damalinia ovis)
(iv)Sheep Scab Mite (Psoroptes ovis)
(v)Blowflies (Lucilia spp. and Calliphora spp.)

(4bii)
(PICK ANY THREE)

(i)Sheep Blowflies (Lucilia spp and Calliphora spp)
(ii)Sheep Keds (Melophagus ovinus)
(iii)Sheep Ticks (Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor spp.)
(iv)Culicoides midges (Bluetongue and other diseases)
(v)Sheep Mites (Chorioptes bovis and Psoroptes ovis)


(4c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)

(i)Pests can cause skin irritation, itching, and discomfort in cattle.
(ii)Pests can cause significant stress and irritation to cattle
(iii)Pests can act as vectors for various diseases, transmitting pathogens to cattle.
(iv)Pests can cause significant stress to cattle, leading to behavioral changes
(v)Blood-feeding pests, such as certain species of flies and ticks, can cause blood loss in cattle.
(vi)Some pests, like rodents, can cause structural damage to cattle housing facilities, feed storage areas, or equipment.

(4d)
(PICK ANY SIX)

(i)Changes in Eating and Drinking Patterns(e.g Decreased Appetite)
(ii)Altered Stool Appearance(e.g Diarrhea)
(iii)Weight Loss or Poor Body conditions
(iv)Changes in Urination( eg urine decoloration )
(v)Respiratory Symptoms(e.g sneezing and Nasal discharge)
(vi)Behavioral Changes(e.g Lethargy and Hiding or Isolation)
(vii)Changes in Fur or Skin(e.g Rough or Dull Coat)
(viii)Eye or Ear Abnormalities( e.g Redness or Swelling)

=============================

(5a)
(PICK ANY SIX)

(i)Implement strict biosecurity protocols to prevent spread of diseases.
(ii)Implement a vaccination program
(iii)Provide a balanced and adequate diet to support the immune system of the sheep.
(iv)Implement effective parasite control measures
(v)Provide clean and well-ventilated housing facilities for the sheep.
(vi)Regularly monitor the health status of the flock and observe for any abnormal behavior.
(vii)Stay updated with the latest research and best practices in sheep health management.


(5b)
(PICK ANY THREE)

(i)Ensure that the feed provided to the sheep is of good quality, fresh, and nutritionally balanced.
(ii)Enhance the palatability of the feed by adding flavors
(iii)Pay attention to how the feed is presented to the sheep
(iv)Implement a regular feeding schedule and maintain consistency in feeding times.
(v)Provide enough feeding space to minimize competition among the sheep.
(vi)Regularly monitor the health of the flock and address any underlying health issues promptly.

(5ci)
Introduction : It involves bringing in animals or germplasm (semen, embryos, or genetic material) from outside sources that possess desirable traits or genetic characteristics.

(5cii)
Selection: This refer to the process of choosing animals with desirable traits as parents for the next generation.

(5ciii)
Breeding : This refer to the various techniques and approaches used to mate animals with the goal of improving specific traits or genetic characteristics within a population.


(5d)
(PICK ANY FIVE)

(i)Animal improvement aims to balance the need for genetic improvement with the preservation of genetic diversity within populations.
(ii)Enhancing reproductive performance is a critical aim in animal improvement
(iii)To enhance the resistance and resilience of animals to diseases, parasites, and other health issues.
(iv) Animal improvement helps to enhance the productivity of animals.
(v) Animal improvement aims to achieve genetic progress over generations.
(vi)Animal improvement programs helps to improved animal welfare, ease of management, and safety.
(vii)Animal improvement programs helps to ensure the animals can thrive in their respective production environments.








WAEC 2023 - FISHERY ANSWER

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
1-10: BCDBCBADBC
11-20: ADDCCABDAA
21-30: BBABDDBCBC
31-40: DCCCCDDADC


(1a)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Fishing nets
(ii) Fishing lines
(iii) Fishing traps
(iv) Fishing hooks
(v) Fishing spears
(vi) Fishing harpoons
(vii) Fishing seines


(1b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Ensure the water quality is suitable for the fingerlings, including temperature, oxygen levels, and pH.
(ii) Quarantine the fingerlings before introducing them to the main fish population to prevent the spread of diseases or parasites.
(iii) Handle the fingerlings carefully to minimize stress and injuries during the stocking process.
(iv) Gradually acclimate the fingerlings to the new water environment by adjusting the temperature and gradually introducing them to the water.
(v) Monitor the fingerlings closely after stocking to ensure they are adapting well and provide appropriate feed and nutrition.

(1c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Maintaining optimal water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen levels, pH, and ammonia levels.
(ii) Providing appropriate and nutritious feed for the fry, such as microalgae or finely ground commercial fish feed.
(iii) Regular monitoring of water quality parameters and adjusting them as needed.
(iv) Maintaining a suitable stocking density to prevent overcrowding and competition for resources.
(v) Regular cleaning and maintenance of the nursery tank to remove excess waste and prevent the build-up of harmful bacteria or toxins.
(vi) Implementing a proper lighting regime to simulate day and night cycles, which helps regulate the fry's behavior and growth.
(vii) Regularly grading or sorting the fry based on size to minimize size-related competition and ensure uniform growth.
(viii) Minimizing stress on the fry by avoiding sudden changes in water parameters or handling them gently during any necessary transfers or procedures.

(1d)
(i) Fishermen
(ii) Wholesalers
(iii) Retailers

=============================

(2ai)
Fish packaging is the process of appropriately packing and preserving fish and seafood products for storage, transportation, and sale.

(2aii)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Plastic Bags
(ii) Styrofoam Trays
(iii) Vacuum-Sealed Pouches
(iv) Wax-Coated Cardboard Boxes
(v) Ice Packs or Gel Packs

(2aiii)
(PICK TWO ONLY)
(i) It provides adequate protection to the fish during handling
(ii) It maintains the freshness of the fish
(iii) It ensures the safety of the fish and the consumers
(iv) It is strong and durable enough to withstand the rigors of transportation and storage
(v) It is compatible with the type of fish being packaged

(2b)
(i) Subsistence fisheries involves small-scale operations WHILE Industrial fisheries involves large-scale operations.
(ii) Subsistence fisheries helps secure food for local consumption WHILE Industrial fisheries are driven by economic motives.
(iii) Subsistence fisheries rely on rudimentary fishing methods WHILE Industrial fisheries employ advanced technology and equipment.
(iv) Subsistence fisheries have a lower environmental impact WHILE Industrial fisheries have significant environmental impacts.

(2c)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Water Quality
(ii) Oxygenation
(iii) Density and Space
(iv) Temperature Control
(v) Duration of Transport
(vi) Container Design

(2d)
(PICK FOUR ONLY)
(i) Wood Chips
(ii) Sawdust
(iii) Wood Pellets
(iv) Herbs and Spices
(v) Tea Leaves
(vi) Fruit Peels

============================

(4ai)
(PICK ANY ONE)

Fish pond fertilization refers to the practice of adding nutrients to a fish pond to enhance the growth of phytoplankton and zooplankton, which serve as a natural food source for fish.

OR

Fish pond fertilization is addition of nutrients to enhance plankton growth, promoting a healthy food chain, and increasing fish production in aquaculture systems.

(4aii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) It is essential to assess the existing water quality in the pond before applying any fertilizers.
(ii) The size and depth of the pond play a role in determining the amount of fertilizer needed.
(iii) The number of fish stocked in the pond is a critical consideration.
(iv) It is important to select a suitable type of fertilizer that provides the necessary nutrients for the pond and the fish.
(v) Fish farmers should consider the potential environmental impact of fertilizers on the surrounding ecosystem.

(4b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Low levels of dissolved oxygen can lead to increased stress among fish.
(ii) It limit their ability to efficiently convert food into energy, resulting in slower growth rates.
(iii) Low dissolved oxygen can cause fish to exhibit abnormal behavior.
(iv) Low dissolved oxygen can contribute to the increase of harmful algal blooms.
(v) It can lead to disturbed aquatic ecosystem

(4c)
(i) It allows for better distribution of nutrients from uneaten feed and fish accumulated waste throughout the pond, benefiting the overall ecosystem and promoting natural nutrient cycling.
(ii) Allowing some time between feeding and water drainage helps maintain more stable water conditions

(4d)
(i) Inshore fisheries
(ii) Offshore fisheries
(iii) Deep-sea fisheries

(4e)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Natural water sources
(ii) Rainwater
(iii) Groundwater
(iv) Surface runoff
(v) Irrigation canals
(vi) Water reservoirs

============================

(5a)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Pond seining
(ii) Cast netting
(iii) Gill netting
(iv) Hand netting

(5bi)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Gutting
(ii) Filleting
(iii) Drying
(iv) Smoking
(v) Canning
(vi) Freezing

(5bii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Salting
(ii) Drying
(iii) Smoking
(iv) Fermentation

(5biii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Refrigeration
(ii) Vacuum packing
(iii) Chemical preservatives
(iv) Irradiation
(v) High-pressure processing

(5c)
(i) Poor water quality, such as high levels of ammonia, nitrites, or low dissolved oxygen can kill fish fry.
(ii) Change in temperature can shock fish fry and potentially cause death.
(iii) Predation by larger fish, birds, or other aquatic organisms.
(iv) Diseases and parasitic infections which can lead to death.
(v) Inadequate feeding practices can result in malnutrition leading to increased mortality.

(5d)
(PICK ANY ONE)
Algal bloom in fisheries refers to excessive growth of algae in water due to human activities, impacting fish populations through toxins, oxygen depletion, and disruption of the food web.

OR

Algal bloom refers to the rapid and excessive growth of algae in bodies of water, such as oceans, lakes, or rivers.

============================

(6a)
[PICK ANY FOUR]
(i) Poor smoking techniques, improper drying, inadequate packaging, or contamination can lead to reduced product quality, making it difficult to sell at desired prices or meet consumer expectations.
(ii) Insects and pests can infest stored smoked-dried clarias, causing damage and reducing the overall market value
(iii) Inadequate drying or packaging techniques can result in smoked-dried clarias retaining moisture which leads to spoilage, mold growth, and a shorter shelf life, resulting in economic losses
(iv) Inappropriate storage conditions can lead to quality deterioration, spoilage, or rancidity, causing economic losses.
(v) Inefficient packaging can result in product damage, contamination, or a shorter shelf life, leading to economic losses.
(vi) If there is a lack of demand for smoked-dried clarias, oversupply in the market, or if the product is priced too high compared to market competition, it can result in slow sales or reduced profitability for sellers, leading to economic losses.

(6bi)
[PICK ANY ONE]
(i) Adding agricultural lime or dolomite to the water to increase its alkalinity
(ii) Installing aeration devices to increase oxygen levels in the water
(iii) Changing the water more frequently to dilute the acidic components
(iv) Avoiding the use of acid-based fertilizers near the pond area
(v) Adding crushed oyster shells or coral to the pond to increase alkalinity
(vi) Monitoring and adjusting the water chemistry regularly to maintain optimal conditions

(6bii)
[PICK ANY THREE]
(i) Agricultural lime
(ii) Dolomite
(iii) Ash from wood or rice husks
(iv) Crushed coral or shell
(vi) Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
(vi) Calcium carbonate (chalk or limestone)

(6biii)
To calculate the quantity required for the pond, we need to convert the pond size to hectares.

Pond size: 10 m x 20 m x 1.5 m = 300 cubic meters
1 hectare = 10,000 square meters

Area of the pond = length x breadth = 10 m x 20 m = 200 square meters
Quantity required = (200/10,000) x 2,000 kg = 40 kg

Therefore, the farmer would require 40 kg of the substance to improve the water in the pond.

(6biv)
To calculate the quantity of fish required to be stocked in the pond:

Pond size: 10 m x 20 m = 200 square meters
Quantity of fish = Stocking rate x Pond area = 10 fish/m x 200 m^2 = 2000 fish

Therefore, the quantity of fish required to be stocked in the pond is 2000 fish.

(6c)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Catfish
(ii) Tilapia
(iii) African bonytongue
(iv) Giant freshwater prawn
(v) Nile perch
(vi) Heteroclarias

(6d)
(i) Secchi Disc: Water transparency or clarity
(ii) Thermometer: Water temperature